To carry out a study we need to identify:

The population of interest, the sample, identify the variables that are being studied, what
type of variable it is and the level of measurement.

Statistical Representations
The basic techniques that allow us to organize the data are:
• The tabular or tables
• The graph

Stadistic charts

Tabular or tables are the simplest technique, generally the data is placed in
ascending or descending order, offering us the following advantages:
1. We can quickly identify the maximum value and the minimum value.
2. You can easily divide the data into sections.
3. You can identify if some values appear repeated in the data series.

Parts of a table or statistical table

a. Title: is a description of the content of the box. It usually tells us what the
data included in the table refers to, the area represented, how the data is
classified and when it occurred.
b. Header : It is the title that goes at the top of a column or columns. Some
tables have subheaders.
c. Matrix or Concept column : Corresponds to the descriptions in the rows of
the table. The concepts are placed on the left side of the box
d. Body : it is the content of the statistical data
e. Preliminary note : or heading (or introductory) note are usually written just
above the headings and below the title. They are used to explain certain
points related to the complete picture that have not been included in the title
or in the concepts.
f. Footnote : They are usually placed below the concepts. They are used to
clarify some of the parts included in the table that are not explained in other
parts of the table.
g. Data source : it is the place from where we obtain the information. They are
written below the footnotes.
Those marked in blue are the main parts of a statistical table, the rest are optional.
 Parts of a statistical table
Title at the top
Matrix
Column

FINAL CONDITION Ma Female TOTAL

APPROVED 87

DISABLED

118

Heading i Column
Fountain Body
Produced by:

Statistical Charts
To achieve a greater understanding of the data shown in tabular form, statistical
graphs are used.
To be of real use, a graph must be simple and emphasize the significant features of
the data.
A statistical graph is the representation of a statistical phenomenon through
geometric figures (points, lines, rectangles, circles, etc.) whose magnitudes are
proportional to the magnitude of the data represented.
Graphs for qualitative variables

The graphs used for the qualitative variables are the following:
> Pictogram

It is a figure diagram, it is the most entertaining way to show a situation,

however, it is not the most accurate. They are used to represent statistical
data in such a way that they attract the attention of all types of audiences.
They are made with figures alluding to the topic.

Goals scored in 4 games

1st match e * * • * • * is \• \• • • \• • •

2nd
match
• % that %
•le • •

it's it's it's it's it's

3rd match it's
\• \• \• •• \• X •

4th match and it is

\• X •

Each = 1 goal

This graphic is widely used in advertising when the aim is to reach an audience
with a low educational level, and in the case of children to show them the
information in a friendly way.
 > Line Graph
The line graph is ideal for representing trends in sales, imports, prices, and other
value series over a certain period of time.
In this graph we use a system of Cartesian axes and points on the plane. As its
name indicates, the points are joined with lines.
This line graph shows the temperature over a week.

To draw a line graph, we first mark the data with a point, and then join the drawn points with straight lines.

> Pie chart

This graph is also known as a pie chart or pie chart, it is very useful for
representing a distribution of relative frequencies. When we talk about relative
frequencies we are referring to a proportion.
A circular graph illustrates the partition of a set into several parts, highlighting the
number or percentage of observations that make up each part in relation to the total
observations of the set.
To make a pie chart we need:
1. Calculate the proportion corresponding to each category.
2. Represent the corresponding percentage by multiplying each proportion x
100.
3. Convert the percentages to degrees, given that the circumference has 360º,
which we can calculate by multiplying each percentage by 3.6.
4. If we are using a computer in Excel we can make the graph, to do it
manually we need a compass to make the circle and a protractor to measure
the degrees
corresponding to each category. Then each one is colored in different colors to be
able to identify them.

> Bar Charts

A bar chart is made up of a series of vertical or horizontal bars, where the data
or categories in the matrix column are placed on the horizontal axis and the
length of the bar represents the frequency of the categories.

We can build 3 types of bar charts: simple bar chart, comparative bar and
composite bar.
a) Simple Bar Chart – It is appropriate to display a single series over a time
interval. It is constructed by placing parallel bars horizontally or vertically
so that they allow us to make comparisons between more or less similar
aspects.
b) Comparative bar graph : in this type of graph, two or more indicators
are presented that correspond to an identifying data. In this graph
HE used for establish
comparisons between both absolute and relative values between two or
more modalities of the same category, representing each modality with
different bars, but adjacent to each other for each category.
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c) Composite bar graph : this graph is similar to the comparative bar

graph, its difference lies in the fact that the bars overlap for the same
period of time. Establishes differences between the modalities of a
category, but in the same bar, distinguishing the proportion
corresponding to each modality with different colors.
Number of people who prefer to use instant coffee for breakfast, according to marital status
and brain. September 1990.

> Statistical Maps : They show the geographical variation of a phenomenon,

there are different types according to the type of information and the use
given to it: to indicate routes, delimit areas, location of communities,
coverage areas of a phenomenon or economic activity.
Graphs for quantitative variables

The graphs that can be used to represent numerical data are as follows:
Histogram
It is a bar graph that is constructed by placing the real class limits on the horizontal
axis and the absolute or percentage frequencies corresponding to each class on
the vertical axis. It is one of the easiest graphic media to interpret.

> Build histogram of absolute frequencies

DOLLARS CUSTOM
Dollar Account

40-129 ERS6
130-219 10
220-309 17
310-399 8
400-489 3
490-579 1
Total 45

Dollars '
Frequency Polygon
It is a line graph that has class marks on the x axis and absolute or relative
frequencies on the y axis.

Warheads
Warheads are line graphics, there are two types: less than warhead and greater
than warhead.
The ogive less than , is a line graph that has as its first coordinate e on the x axis
the real limits and as its second coordinate, the y axis the accumulated frequencies,
whether absolute or percentage. The minor ogive which is a growing graph.

The ogive greater than , is a line graph that has as its first coordinate on the x-axis
the real limits and as its second coordinate, the y-axis, the accumulated
frequencies, whether absolute or percentage.