BIOE211

DATA PRESENTATION • paragraph involving many figures can be tiresome to

most readers when same words are repeated many times.
• Primary: communicate information about the data of the user
• display data clearly and effectively
2) TABULAR PRESENTATION
• summarize quantities of information
- Method of analysis of descriptive statistics • data are converted into words or numbers in rows and
columns
CHARACTERISTICS: • Note: data should never be put in a table if it can be
• display data described in 1-2 sentences.
• avoid distortion of data - Data text mo muna para mas madaling gawing
• allow the viewer to make comparisons table
• allow the reader to think what the data convey
• allows description, exploration, tabulation, or decoration Consideration in table construction:
• be closely related to the statistical and verbal description of • simplicity
the data set. • clarity
• directness
TYPES OF DATA PRESENTATION
Purposes:
1) TEXTUAL PRESENTATION • data checking and editing
• summarizing and presenting data
• describing data by the use of statements with a few
• basis, aid in graph or chart construction
numbers (1 to 2 lang yung data)
• presented in paragraphs or sentences
Components:
• explain results and trends, and provide contextual
Title = measure + what + where + when
information
Note: Distribution = variable or measure

Purpose:
• to stress or emphasize significant information

Example:
• “The incidence rate of delirium following anesthesia
was 11% in 2016 and 15% in 2017; no significant
difference of incidence rates was found between the two
years.

Advantages:
• gives emphasis to significant data
• use for few data
Footnote: a note of reference, explanation
Disadvantages:
• data becomes incomprehensive when large quantitative Guidelines:
data are included in paragraph. • self-explanatory
• all sources are specified

1|P age TRANSCRIBED BY: KARASUKI

• headings are specific and understandable for every B. Dummy table
column & row • complete except for data
• row and column totals are checked for accuracy • give preview of what table outputs may be expected
• cells are not left blank; enter “0” or “-” from the study
• categories are mutually exclusive and exhaustive -give idea what statistical method you will use
(descriptive and inferential statistics)
Advantages: -use in research proposal
• easy to understand
• compact and concise than textual form Purpose:
• presents greater detail of data than graph • help researcher clarify instrument
• readily points out trends, comparisons and • help protocol reviewer & computer programmer
interrelations
• facilitates analysis of categories of given variable

Disadvantages:
• too many rows and columns could make it difficult for
the reader to understand the data
• requires more time to construct

TYPES OF TABULAR PRESENTATION

A. Master table
• single table which allows the distribution of
observations across many variables of interest in a given B.1 One-Way Table
study One variable only = age of patients with measles in
• each observation is cross classified across the variables Barangay Magayon, 2019
which may be quantitative or qualitative data

Purpose:
• store information with an aim of presenting detailed
statistical data
• facilitate generation and tabulation of smaller table

B.2 Two-Way Table

Variable= Patient status in Municipality X, Year Y

Population growth, districts, household population of

1960

2|P age TRANSCRIBED BY: KARASUKI

 • demonstrate the scale being used
• be self-explanatory

Advantages:
• main feature & implications of the body of data can be
grasped at a glance
• more attractive & appealing to a wider range of readers
• simplifies concepts that would otherwise have been
expressed in so many words
• shows trends & patterns of a large set of data
B.3 Multi-Way Table • comparisons could be made more striking
Variable= use of public transport by sex and • can be readily clarify data
linguistic region
Disadvantages:
• cannot show as many sets of facts
• can only show approximate values
• require more time to construct
• may be used to misinterpret results

TYPES OF GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Pie Chart
• circles subdivided into a number of slices
• area of each slice represents the relative proportion data
points falling into given category
• use to show how a whole is divided into its
3) GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
component parts which could be breakdowns of groups
• Pictorial representations of certain quantities plotted or totals
with reference to a set of axes (x and y axis) - Use when you have total and want to present them to
• Graphs simplify complex information by using images several proportion
and emphasizing data patterns or trends -Distribution of Female recipients of new vaccines
• Useful for summarizing, explaining, or exploring groups most at risk, Municipal X, Year Y
quantitative data
• Present both large and small amounts of data Title= measure + + +

Uses:
• visually summarize the variables (data set is large)
• emphasize particular statement about data set
• enhance readability
• appeal the visual memory

Guidelines:
• include, below the figure, a title providing all relevant
information
• be referred to as figures in the text Bar Graph
• identify figure axes by the variables under analysis • consists of bars of the same sizes; each bar represents
• quote the source which provided the data, if required variable (category of variable)
3|P age TRANSCRIBED BY: KARASUKI
• horizontal or vertical with gaps between to emphasize
discontinuities
-height: value of categories of variable

• also known as one dimensional diagram

• types:
• simple bar graph –1 variable each graph
• multiple bar graph – more variable each graph
• height of bars/rectangles: quantity of variables

Guidelines:
• height of bars should be proportional to the frequencies 2. Vertical bar graph
or rates (Value) of categories • used for discrete quantitative variables
• width of bars should be equal

• percentages & rates must be used when total number of

observations for the groups are not uniform
• when percentages are used, the sum of the heights of
all the bars must be equal to 100%
• to make them more appealing, bars are either colored
or shaded in different ways

1. Horizontal bar graph

• used for qualitative variables
Note: remember the type of data

Component Bar Graph (example of multiple)

• each bar is divided into smaller rectangles representing
the parts
• area of each smaller rectangle is proportional to the
relative contribution of thxe component to the whole
• generally used for nominal data
• different shades or colors can be applied to the
components to emphasize differences between parts of
the whole
Annual number = measure

4|P age TRANSCRIBED BY: KARASUKI

• preferable over the pie in situations where the
compositions of two or more groups are to be compared

Histogram
• bar is used to depict number or relative frequencies of
data points falling into the given class
• bars are drawn over the true limits of the classes, no
gaps exist in between
• horizontal axis: continuous quantitative
• vertical axis: number of relative frequencies
• preferred for grouped interval data

Line Graph
• plot of dots joined with lines over some period of time
in sequential series
• Time series charts
• horizontal axis: time series
• vertical axis: variable values

mid points of 40-52 = 46

mid points of 52.1-81.0 = 66.55

Frequency Polygon
• similar to histogram except that:
• frequencies are plotted against the corresponding
5|P age TRANSCRIBED BY: KARASUKI
 midpoints of the classes
• adjacent points are joined with lines and the plot is
tied down to the horizontal axis resulting in multi-
sided polygon.

Variable= age in barangay A, Year X

Stem-and-leaf plot Box plot

• primarily for small set of data • shows description of a large quantitative data
• provides rank-ordered lists and its easier • include center, spread, shape, tail length, and outlying
to restore the original value of the observation data points
• lines gives more information than bars in histogram • can be presented horizontal or vertical
• used to show the actual data value instead of using bars • height of rectangle is arbitrary and has no specific
to represent the height of an interval meaning
-discrete quantity only • used for comparing the distributions of several
variables or the distribution of a single variable in
several groups on the same scale

-center of distribution among the female=

-upper limit= 68
-lowelimit = 63

6|P age TRANSCRIBED BY: KARASUKI

 Positive correlation =

Negative correlation =

1 dot means = 1 person

Scatter plot
• shows the relationship between two quantitative
variables (discrete or continuous)
• gives rough estimate of the type and degree of
correlation between the variables. (+ or – or none
correlation)

7|P age TRANSCRIBED BY: KARASUKI