Presentation of Data Grouped Data

- clear and engaging presentation - raw data presented in a frequency distribution

- benefits readers, users, and statisticians

Array
Challenges in Data Presentation
- easily perceives low and high values, advantages
- gathering information is a complex task - tedious if raw data are numerous, disadvantages
- making data comprehensible and meaningful - ordering observations from smallest to largest or vice
versa

Forms of Data Presentation

Stem & Leaf Display
- summarized formats
- various presentation methods - provides a good overall impression of the data

Textual Form Raw Data

- incorporated in report text - population or sample data

- highlights key data findings - primary or secondary sources
- combines text and numerical facts
- uses paragraphs for summary discussion
Raw Data

Tabular Form - unorganized form

- not immediately usable for decision-making
- uses rows and columns
- presents statistical tables
- concise and systematic display Data Organization
- facilitates data relationship analysis
- ensures clarity and structure
- provides a vivid idea of gathered data
Advantages of Tabular Presentation

- clear understanding of data's meaning Purpose of Organizing Data

- systematic arrangement columns and rows for
readability - facilitates meaningful interpretation
- supports informed decision-making

Advantages of Tabular Presentation

Graphical Representation
- comparison facilitation, easier data comparison
- time saving for analysis, quick data interpretation - analyzing numerical data
- vivid data representation, enhances decision-making - relation between data, ideas, information, and
ease concepts

Graphical Form Diagram Usage

- visual presentation for clarity - t (diagram type) exhibits the relation

- easier digestion of extensive data - easy to understand and interpret

Raw Data Importance

- data collected in an investigation - crucial learning strategy

- not systematically organized - depends on the type of information and domain
Graphs Line Graph Uses

- chart representing statistical data - predict growth trends

- lines or curves across coordinated points - long period of time analysis
- e.g. sales, population trends

Purpose
Bar Graph
- measure changes between variables
- studying cause and effect relationship - data presentation using bars or rectangles
- equal widths, varying lengths proportional to
frequency
Uses

- time series analysis Bar Graph Orientation

- frequency distribution study
- single or paired bars
- horizontal or vertical layout
Advantages

- eye-catching Interpretation
- easy to understand
- clear account of problems - two-way dimension reading
- proportional length to observed frequency

Circle Graph or Pie Chart

Enhancements
- represents relationships between data components
- ideal for showing partition of a whole - colors or shades for distinction
- opposing direction bars for contrast

Circle Graph Proportions

Scatter Point Diagram
- total area of circle = 100%
- angles or sectors proportional to data percentages - points plotted on a cartesian plane
- relationship illustration between two variables

Circle Graph Degree Calculation

Similarity to Line Graph
- 1% = 3.6 degrees (360° ÷ 100)
- 360 degrees = total items or 100% - uses coordinate plotting
- no need to connect points

Circle Graph Design Elements

Pictogram or Picture Graph
- use of colors or legends for component identification
- visual presentation of statistical data
- uses pictures or symbols related to the subject
Line Graph

- focus on first quadrant Pictogram

- shows relationships between two sets of quantities
- plots points on x (horizontal) and y (vertical) axes in - represents magnitude of a single unit
cartesian plane - depicts bigger quantities or figures

Line Graph Construction

Pictogram
- plot x and y values as points
- connect points w/ line segments - uses legends to represent magnitudes
- clear sizes and magnitudes for comparison
Pictogram Accuracy Limitations of a Graph

- symbols should reflect actual figures - lacks complete accuracy of facts

- drawn pictures should clearly depict differences

Selectivity
Data Sources
- depicts only a few selected characteristics
- include source names at the graph bottom
- cite research papers, surveys, or data collection
methods Unsupported Statements

- not be used to support a statement

Simplicity

- keep graphs understandable for non-experts Comparison to Tables

- avoid unnecessary technical terms
- not a substitute for tables

Neatness
Interpretation Difficulty
- maintain a clean design and layout
- choose suitable font sizes, colors, and line thickness - difficult for laymen to understand

Easy Data Understanding Data Representation

- presents data more clearly - shows unreasonable tendency, unclear actual values
- simplifies comprehension

Visual Display of Data

Attractive Data Presentation
- diagram or graph
- enhances engagement - represents data meaningfully
- more visually appealing than tables - aids in decision-making

Quick Overview Techniques Used

- saves time for analysis - drawing line segments

- shows key trends, fluctuations, and features at a - plotting points on graphs
glance - geometrical symbols for visualization

Data Comparison Economists' Usage

- compares data from different time periods or regions - show data value changes
- compare values for decisions
- reports on situation changes (yesterday vs. today)
Accessible to All

- no advanced knowledge of math/statistics needed Graphs & Charts

- methods for data display

Statistical Insights - illustrates increase or decrease in data

- helps in identifying mode, median, and mean values

Frequency Table

Forecasting & Estimation - shows frequency distribution

- raw data to grouped data transformation
- aids in forecasting, interpolation, and extrapolation
Grouped Data Frequency Distribution Horizontal Axis

- arrangement of data - represents units of time

- also called frequency distribution

Histogram
Frequency Distribution
- graph representation of frequency distribution
- shows how often values occur - vertical rectangles adjoined on horizontal axis
- summarizing categorical variables - centers of bases located at class marks
- overview of distinct values in variable

Frequency Histogram
Frequency Distribution
- against class boundaries
- arranged in a table format - frequencies plotted on vertical axis
- organizing data for generalization

Uses of Histogram
Classes
- provides information about the shape/form of a
- set of groupings for data distribution

Sorting/Tallying Data Frequency Polygon

- organizing data into the predefined classes - closed figure of n sides

- plots class marks vs. frequencies

Counting Frequencies
Frequency Polygon
- tallying data for each class
- connect midpoints of histogram tops
- add class intervals with zero frequency at both ends
Purpose - plot class marks (horizontal) vs. frequencies (vertical)

- simplifies large datasets

- helps in drawing generalizations Ogive

- cumulative frequency polygon

Graphs - represents cumulative frequencies

- less detailed data

- easier to visualize relationships Ogive
- can depict multiple data sets
- plot class boundaries (horizontal) vs. cumulative
frequencies (vertical)
Tables

- provide more detailed data

- less effective for visual impact
- some features not discernible from raw data

Vertical Axis

- represents quantities (e.g., production, consumption,

pesos) or percentages