xamples are: Common salt, marble, gypsum, washing soda etc.
(ii) Organic Compounds are the compounds which are present in
plants and animals. All the organic compounds have been found to
contain carbon as their essential constituent. For example,
carbohydrates, proteins, oils, fats etc.
2. Mixtures: The combination of two or more elements or compounds
which are not chemically combined together and may also be present in
any proportion, is called mixture. A few examples of mixtures are: milk,
sea water, petrol, lime water, paint glass, cement, wood etc.
Types of mixtures: Mixtures are of two types:
(i) Homogeneous mixtures: A mixture is said to be homogeneous if it
has a uniform composition throughout and there are no visible
boundaries of separation between the constituents.
For example: A mixture of sugar solution in water has the same sugar
water composition throughout and all portions have the same
sweetness.
(ii) Heterogeneous mixtures: A mixture is said to be heterogeneous if it
does not have uniform composition throughout and has visible
boundaries of separation between the various constituents. The different
constituents of a heterogeneous mixture can be seen even with naked
eye.
For example: When iron filings and sulphur powder are mixed together,
the mixture formed is heterogeneous. It has greyish-yellow appearance
and the two constituents, iron and sulphur, can be easily identified with
naked eye.
• Differences between Compounds and Mixtures
Compounds
1. In a compound, two or more elements are combined chemically.
2. In a compound, the elements are present in the fixed ratio by mass.
This ratio cannot change.
3. CompoUnds are always homogeneous i.e., they havethe same
composition throughout.
4 In a compound, constituents cannot be separated by physical methods
5. In a compound, the constituents lose their identities i.e., i compound
does not show the characteristics of the constituting elements.
Mixtures
1. In a mixture, or more elements or compounds are simply mixed and
not combined chemically.
2. In a mixture the constituents are not present in fixed ratio. It can vary
3. Mixtures may be either homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature.
4. Constituents of mixtures can be separated by physical methods.
5, In a mixture, the constituents do not lose their identities i.e., a mixture
shows the characteristics of all the constituents .
We have discussed the physical and chemical classification of matter. A
flow sheet representation of the same is given below.
• Properties of Matter and Their Measurements
Physical Properties: Those properties which can be measured or
observed without changing the identity or the composition of the
substance.
Some examples of physical properties are colour, odour, melting point,
boiling point etc. Chemical Properties: It requires a chemical change to
occur. The examples of chemical properties are characteristic reactions
of different substances. These include acidity, basicity, combustibility
etc.
• Units of Measurement
Fundamental Units: The quantities mass, length and time are called
fundamental quantities and their units are known as fundamental units.
There are seven basic units of measurement for the quantities: length,
mass, time, temperature, amount of substance, electric current and
luminous intensity.
Si-System: This system of measurement is the most common system
employed throughout the world.
It has given units of all the seven basic quantities listed above.
• Definitions of Basic SI Units
1. Metre: It is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a
time interval of 1/299792458 of a second.
2. Kilogram: It is the unit of mass. It is equal to the mass of the
international prototype
of the kilogram. ,
3. Second: It is the duration of 9192631, 770 periods of radiation which
correspond to the transition between the two hyper fine levels of the
ground state of caesium- 133 atom.
4. Kelvin: It is the unit of thermodynamic temperature and is equal to
1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
