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Components of Building and their Functions

Aug 31, 2019 4:24:54 PM

A Building is a relatively solid enclosed construction over a plot of land

having one roof or more than one level roof, used for a variety of activities such
as living, working and manufacturing.

“Canopies, Shamianahs, tarpaulin shelters and other types of

tents built for temporary and conventional events are not
considered as buildings.”

The basic components of a building and functions of these components are

necessary to be well-known before constructing a house.

Foundation

Any building activity starts with digging then ground for the foundation,
which is the lowermost load-bearing part of the building. 
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A foundation serves the following objectives:

Spreads the load regularly and safely from the structure to the soil.

Secures the building firmly to the ground and prevents the building movement
under any lateral load.

Provides an even surface for the construction of superstructure.

Prevents the overturning of the building due to lateral forces.

Plinth

The part of the building between the ground level and the ground floor level
is called plinth. The role of the plinth is to keep the ground floor above the
ground level to keep the floor free from dampness.

The plinth is usually of stone masonry. If the foundation is on piles, a plinth beam
is cast to support the superstructure. A damp-proof course is performed at the
top of the plinth, regularly a 75 mm thick plain concrete course.

Walls and Columns

Walls and columns transfer the loads vertically downward that is loads from
the roof and floors are transferred to the foundation.

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The main functions of the walls are:

They provide privacy by dividing the building area into different compartments.

They protect from insects and burglars.

They keep the structure warm in winter and cool in summer.

Sills, Lintels and Chajjas

Windows should not be installed straight over walls. They are placed over a
plain concrete course of 50 - 75 mm thickness provided over the masonry, and
this course is known as the sill. It provides a good wearing and level surface to
place window frames.

Lintels are RCC or stone beams provided over door and window openings for
transferring load transversely to avoid stress on the door and window frames.


A chajja is a projection provided outside the wall to protect doors and windows
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from rain and sunlight. Regularly, it is made of RCC, but in low-cost houses, it is
made of stone slabs.
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Doors, Windows and Ventilators
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The function of a door is to provide
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different rooms in the building. The size of the door should be enough to
facilitate the movement of the largest object likely to pass through the door.

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Windows are fitted on the outside walls to provide light and ventilation inside
the building. The standard window area should be 15 - 20 per cent of the floor
area.

Ventilators are small windows with fixed glass panes that permit ventilation. They
are provided at or very close to the roof or floor levels for enough ventilation.

Floors

Floors provide a useful working area for the residents. The ground floors are
filled with brickbats, waste stones, gravel, and with other materials up to the
plinth level, which is very compacted with a sand layer on top.

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On top of this layer,
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finishing is done as per the requirement. The floors are provided with RCC,
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mosaic or marble finishes.

Roofs, Beams and Paratiets

The roof is the topmost portion that protects the building. Sloping roofs like
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construction of additional floors. Tiled roofs also give good proof of thermal
protection. Flat roofs allow the construction of extra floors in future and also
provide terrace, which is an added benefit but not leak-proof.

The beams are supported on columns and walls used for flat roofs, in which
higher floors need strengthening with beams.

On top of the roof or terrace, a wall of 800 mm is provided along the outer
edge of the roof as a protection wall known as a parapet.

Steps, Stairs, Lifts and Ramps

Steps provide convenient access from ground level to ground floor level,
required at doors in the outer wall. Stairs are required within a building when
there are split floors.

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Lifts are provided near the entrance of a building having the height of more than
13 m. In all public buildings, lifts are to be provided for the convenience of old
and disabled persons with a capacity of up to 20 persons.

Ramps are sloping floors built to connect floors at different levels, particularly for
physically challenged persons who use wheelchairs.

Finishing

Ceilings, walls and floors require smooth finishing with plaster and need to be
coated with whitewash, distemper, paint or tiles. For plinth, finishing work
consists of pointing, and for the floor, it consists of polishing.

The aim of the finishings is:

Provide protective cover

Enhance aesthetic look

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Building Services
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Various service works are required in a building that includes water supply,
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sanitary connections, electric supply and carpentry works.

For storing water from the municipal supply or a tanker, a sump is built in the
premises on the ground floor near the street.
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Plumbing works are done to facilitate water supply in the kitchen, sinks,
bathrooms, water closets and garden taps.

Electric supply is another important service in the building. Wiring is done during
the construction process. Sufficient switch points are provided for lights, fans
and other electrical appliances. Switchboards are provided to receive electric
supply from the public distribution system, to distribute power to various parts
of the building.

Carpentry works are also necessary for a building that includes the construction
of cupboards, showcases, racks and so on.

Check Out: Challenges faced while constructing a house by an Individual

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