REVISION

Pre-Calculus – Spring 2023-2024

Part 1: (Indeterminant Limits)
Find the limits:
sin(𝑥2 )
𝑥 2 sin(𝑥 2 ) 0 𝑥 2 sin(𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 )
𝑥2
• Lim = 0 ⇒ lim = lim ⁡ sin⁡(𝑥3 )
𝑥→0 sin⁡(𝑥 3 ) 𝑥→0 sin⁡(𝑥 3 ) 𝑥→0 (𝑥 3 )
𝑥3
sin⁡(𝑥 2 )
lim
𝑥 4 𝑥→0 2 =1
= lim 3 ⁡ 𝑥 = lim ⁡𝑥⁡. 1 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin⁡(3) 𝑥→0
lim 3 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 1
* lim = ⁡ ⇒ ⁡ lim = lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = ⁡ lim =1
𝑥→𝜋/4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 0 𝑥→𝜋/4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 𝑥→𝜋/4 𝑥→𝜋/4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
1
sec 𝑥−cos 𝑥 1−1 0 − cos 𝑥
* lim = = ⁡ ⇒ lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=
𝑥→0 𝑥 0 0 𝑥→0 𝑥
1−co𝑠2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1−co𝑠2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
lim = lim ⁡ = lim ⁡ = lim ⁡ lim ⁡ = 1⁡ × 0 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥 2
𝑥−2 ∞ 𝑥−2 ⁡−⁡ ⁡ 1
𝑥 𝑥
* lim = ∞ ⁡⁡ lim = lim ⁡ = = 1,
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 −𝑥+1 𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 −𝑥+1 𝑥→∞ √𝑥2 𝑥 1 √1
⁡−⁡ +⁡
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
1 1 1 1 3−𝑥−(3+𝑥)
⁡−⁡ 0 ⁡−⁡ (3−𝑥)(3+𝑥) −2𝑥
*lim 3+𝑥 3−𝑥
= ⁡ ⇒ lim 3+𝑥 3−𝑥
= ⁡ lim ⁡ = ⁡ lim ⁡ =
𝑥→0 𝑥 0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥(3−𝑥)2
−2 −2
lim ⁡ =⁡
𝑥→0 (3−𝑥)2 9
𝑥 4 +5𝑥 3 +6𝑥 2 0 𝑥 4 +5𝑥 3 +6 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 +5𝑥+6)
* lim 2 (𝑥+1)−4(𝑥+1) = ⁡ ⇒ lim 2 (𝑥+1)−4(𝑥+1) = lim ⁡ =
𝑥→−2 𝑥 0 𝑥→−2 𝑥 𝑥→−2 (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 −4)
𝑥 2 (𝑥+3)(𝑥+2) 𝑥 2 (𝑥+3) 4(1)
lim = lim ⁡ = =1
𝑥→−2 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥+2) 𝑥→−2 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) (−1)(−4)
 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−8 0 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−8 √𝑥 2 +5+(𝑥+1)
*lim = ⁡ ⇒ lim × =
𝑥→2 √𝑥 2 +5−(𝑥+1) 0 𝑥→2 √𝑥 2 +5−(𝑥+1) √𝑥 2 +5+(𝑥+1)

(𝑥+4)(𝑥−2)[𝑥 2 +5+(𝑥+1)] (𝑥+4)(𝑥−2)[√𝑥 2 +5+(𝑥+1)]

lim = lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 +5−(𝑥+1)2 𝑥→2 𝑥 2 +5−𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1

(𝑥+4)(𝑥−2)[√𝑥 2 +5+(𝑥+1)] (𝑥+4)(𝑥−2)[√𝑥 2 +5+(𝑥+1)] (6)(6)

lim = lim =⁡ = −18
𝑥→2 −2𝑥+4 𝑥→2 −2(𝑥−2) −2
𝑥3 𝑥 1
𝑥 5 +𝑥 3 +𝑥+1 ∞ 𝑥 5 +𝑥 3 +𝑥+1 1+ 5 + 5 + 5 1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
* lim ⁡ = ⇒ lim ⁡ = lim 7 5 = =∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 7 +3𝑥 5 +3𝑥+3 ∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 7 +3𝑥 5 +3𝑥+3 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 +3𝑥 +3𝑥+ 3 0
𝑥5 𝑥5 𝑥5 𝑥5

*𝐿𝑖𝑚[√𝑥 + 2 − √𝑥] = ∞ − ⁡∞ ⇒ 𝐿𝑖𝑚[√𝑥 + 2 − √𝑥] = 𝐿𝑖𝑚[√𝑥 + 2 −

𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

√𝑥+2+√𝑥 𝑥+2−𝑥 2
√𝑥] √𝑥+2+√𝑥 = 𝐿𝑖𝑚 √𝑥+2+√𝑥 = ∞ = 0
𝑥→∞

√𝑥 2 +100⁡−10 0 √𝑥 2 +100⁡−10 √𝑥 2 +100⁡−10 √𝑥 2 +100+10

*lim = ⇒ lim = lim =
𝑥→0 𝑥2 0 𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0 𝑥2 √𝑥 2 +100+10

𝑥 2 +100−100 0
lim = =0
𝑥→0 √𝑥 2 +100+10 20

Continuity:
1- Discuss the continuity of the following function at the points 0, 2.
2𝑥
, 𝑥≤0
3−𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 0<𝑥<2
2
𝑥 −8
{ , 𝑥≥2
𝑥
Solution: To discuss the continuity at 𝑥 = 0
We have to prove that: 𝐿𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

2𝑥
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = , ⇒ 𝑓(0) = 0
3−𝑥
2
The Right Limit: 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚+ (𝑥 − 3𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0

2𝑥
The Left Limit: 𝑥→0
𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚−
𝑥→0 3−𝑥
=0

Then 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) = 0

𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
And the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
To discuss the continuity at 𝑥 = 2
We have to prove that: 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

𝑥 2 −8 22 −8
𝑥 = 2:⁡⁡𝑓(𝑥) = , ⇒ 𝑓(2) = = ⁡ −2
𝑥 2
𝑥2 −8
The Right Limit: 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚+ 𝑥 = −2
𝑥→2+ 𝑥→2

2
𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚− (𝑥 − 3𝑥) = −2
The Left Limit: 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

Then
𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2) = −2
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

And the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 2

2- Discuss the continuity of the following function at the points 0, 2.
3𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ −2
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 − 1, 2
−2 < 𝑥 < 2
3, 𝑥≥2
Solution: To discuss the continuity at 𝑥 = −2
We have to prove that: 𝑥→−2
𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−2)
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2

At 𝑥 = −2, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥, ⇒ 𝑓(−2) = −6

2
The Right Limit: 𝐿𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚+ (𝑥 − 1) = 3
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2

The Left Limit: 𝑥→−2

𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚−
𝑥→−2
3𝑥 = −6

Then 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−2) = −6 ≠ ⁡ 𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 3

𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2

And the function is discontinuous at 𝑥 = −2.

To discuss the continuity at 𝑥 = 2
We have to prove that: 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

𝑥 = 2:⁡⁡𝑓(𝑥) = 3, ⇒ 𝑓 ( 2) = 3
The Right Limit: 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚+3 = 3
𝑥→2+ 𝑥→2
 2
𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚− (𝑥 − 1) = 3
The Left Limit: 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

Then
𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2) = 3
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

And the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 2

Part 2: Derivatives:
5 4
1- Find 𝑦 ′ : 𝑦= − 3 + 10𝑥 6 − √𝑥 3
𝑥2 √𝑥
1 3
𝑦 ′ = 5(−2𝑥 −3 ) − 4(− 𝑥 −4/3 ) + 60𝑥 5 − 𝑥 1/2
3 2
4 5 7
4
5 = 4𝑥 −4 − 5𝑥 −5 + 7𝑥 7 − 𝑥 5/2
𝑦= − + 7𝑥 − √ 𝑥
𝑥 4 5√𝑥 4
−
9 5
𝑦 = −16𝑥 + 4𝑥 5 + 49𝑥6 − 𝑥3/2
′ −5
2
2- 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥+sec⁡(5𝑥) + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(5𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 5𝑥+sec(5𝑥) (5 + 5 sec(5𝑥) tan(5𝑥) + ⁡ 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(5𝑥) (−5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(5𝑥) cot(5𝑥) 𝑙𝑜𝑔5

3- 𝑦 = (𝑙𝑛( 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2))3
1
𝑦 ′ = 3(𝑙𝑛( 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2))2 • • (2𝑥 + 3 − 0)
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
4- 𝑦 = (𝑙𝑛( 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥))5
1
𝑦 ′ = 5(𝑙𝑛( 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥))4 • • (5 cos(5𝑥) − 5sin⁡(5𝑥))
𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥

5- 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4𝑥 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑡 3𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = (4𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (4𝑥)) 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4𝑥 + (−3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑐 2 3𝑥) 10𝑐𝑜𝑡 3𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 0
1
6- 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = ((1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 𝑥)−1/2 (4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 4 𝑥)
2

7- 𝑦 = √𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 = [𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 ]1/2
1 1
𝑦 ′ = [𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 ]−2 (5𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2
2
−1 1
8- 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 √𝑥 + √𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 2 √𝑥 + (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)−1/2 𝑠𝑒𝑐⁡𝑥⁡𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
2 √𝑥 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥•2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥(−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥)
9- 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 (
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑥2𝑥/ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥)2
Find 𝒚″ :
4 −4𝑥2 −10
1− 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
4 −4𝑥 2 −10
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 (4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥)
4 −4𝑥 2 −10 4 −4𝑥 2 −10
𝑦″ = 𝑒 𝑥 (12𝑥 2 − 8) + 𝑒 𝑥 (4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥)(4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥)
5 −4𝑥 3
2- 𝑦 = 7𝑥
𝑥5 −4𝑥3 4
⁡𝑦 ′ = 7 (5𝑥 − 12𝑥2 ) log⁡(7)
5 −4𝑥 3 5 −4𝑥 3
𝑦 ″ = 7𝑥 (5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 )2 log⁡(7)2 + 7𝑥 log⁡(7)(20𝑥 3 − 24𝑥
3- 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 10𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 10𝑥),
𝑦 ′ = 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 10𝑥) − 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 10𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦" = −100𝑠𝑖𝑛10𝑥⁡ − ⁡100𝑐𝑜𝑠10𝑥
Matrices
1 2 3
−1
1- Find the inverse, 𝐴 , of the following matrix: 𝐴 = [−1 0 4],
0 2 2
1 2 3
𝐴 = |−1 0 4|
0 2 2

Solution
1 2 3 1
𝐴 = |−1 0 4| ⇒ 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
|𝐴|
0 2 2
1 2 3
|𝐴| = |−1 0 4| = (−8) − 2(−2) + 3(−2) = −10 ≠ 0
0 2 2
 0 4 −1 4 −1 0
| | −| | | |
2 2 0 2 0 2 −8 2 −2
2 3 1 3 1 2
𝐶𝑜𝑓(𝐴) = − | | | | −| | =( 2 2 −2)
2 2 0 2 0 2
2 3 1 3 1 2 8 −1 2
( |0 4
| −|
1 4
| |
−1 0
|)

−8 2 8
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝐶𝑜𝑓(𝐴)]𝑇
=( 2 2 −1)
−2 −2 2
−1
1 1 −8 2 8
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = (2 2 −1)
|𝐴| −10
−2 −2 2
1 −2 1
−1
1- Find the inverse, 𝐴 , of the following matrix: 𝐴 = [3 1 −2]
0 1 −1
1 −2 1 1
𝐴 = |3 1 −2| ⇒ 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
|𝐴|
0 1 −1
1 −2 1
|𝐴| = |3 1 −2| = (−1 + 2) − (−2)(−3) + (3) = −2 ≠ 0
0 1 −1

1 −2 3 −2 3 1
| | −| | | |
1 −1 0 −1 0 1 1 3 3
−2 1 1 1 1 −2
𝐶𝑜𝑓(𝐴) = − | | | | −| | = (−1 −1 −1)
1 −1 0 −1 0 1
−2 1 1 1 1 −2 3 5 7
|
( 1 −2 | − | | | |
3 −2 3 1 )

1 −1 3
[𝐶𝑜𝑓(𝐴)] 𝑇
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = = (3 −1 5)
3 −1 7
−1
1 1 1 −1 3
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = (3 −1 5)
|𝐴| −2
3 −1 7
2- Solve the following non-homogenous linear system equations by Cramer’s rule:
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 4
 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 2 1 −1 𝑥 3
⁡{𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (1 1 1 ), 𝑋 = (𝑦) , 𝐵 = (1)
𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 4 1 −2 −3 𝑧 4
The solution of the system is
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 2 1 −1 𝑥 3
{𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (1 1 1 ), 𝑋 = (𝑦 ) , 𝐵 = (1)
𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 4 1 −2 −3 𝑧 4

𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑦 𝛥𝑧
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑧=
𝛥 𝛥 𝛥
2 1 −1
𝛥 = |𝐴| = |1 1 1 | = 2(−1) − (−4) − (−3) = 5
1 −2 −3
3 1 −1
𝛥 𝑥 = |1 1 1 | = 3(−1) − (−7) − (−6) = 10
4 −2 −3
2 3 −1
𝛥𝑦 = |1 1 1 | = 2(−7) − 3(−4) − (3) = −5
1 4 −3
2 1 3
𝛥𝑧 = |1 1 1| = 2(6) − (3) + 3(−3) = 0
1 −2 4
𝛥𝑥 10 𝛥𝑦 −5 𝛥𝑧 0
𝑥= = , 𝑦= = , 𝑧= =
𝛥 5 𝛥 5 𝛥 5

3- Solve the following non-homogenous linear system equations by Cramer’s rule:

𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 8

𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3 1 1 −2 𝑥 3
{3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (3 −1 1 ) , 𝑋 = (𝑦 ) , 𝐵 = (0)
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 8 3 3 −6 𝑧 8
The solution of the system is
 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3 1 1 −2 𝑥 3
{3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (3 −1 1 ) , 𝑋 = (𝑦 ) , 𝐵 = (0)
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 8 3 3 −6 𝑧 8

𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑦 𝛥𝑧
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑧=
𝛥 𝛥 𝛥
1 1 −2
𝛥 = |𝐴| = |3 −1 1 | = 3 − (−21) − 2(12) = 48
3 3 −6

3 1 −2
𝛥𝑥 = |0 −1 1 | = 3(3) − (−8) − 2(8) = 1
8 3 −6
1 3 −2
𝛥𝑦 = |3 0 1 | = (−3) − 3(−21) − 2(9) = 42
3 3 −6

1 1 3
𝛥𝑧 = |3 −1 0| = −8 − (24) + 3(17) = 19
8 3 8

𝛥𝑥 1 𝛥𝑦 42 𝛥𝑧 19
𝑥= = , 𝑦= = , 𝑧= =
𝛥 48 𝛥 48 𝛥 48

4- Solve the following non-homogenous linear system equations by Cramer’s rule:

𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2, 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −3, 5𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5

𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2 1 4 3 𝑥 2
⁡{2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −3 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (2 −6 6) , 𝑋 = (𝑦) , 𝐵 = (−3)
5𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5 5 −2 3 𝑧 5

The solution of the system is

𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2 1 4 3 𝑥 2
⁡{2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −3 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (2 −6 6) , 𝑋 = (𝑦) , 𝐵 = (−3)
5𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5 5 −2 3 𝑧 5
 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑦 𝛥𝑧
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑧=
𝛥 𝛥 𝛥

1 4 3
𝛥 = |𝐴| = |2 −6 6| = (−18 + 12) − 4(6 − 30) + (3)(−4 + 30) = 162
5 −2 3
2 4 3
𝛥𝑥 = |−3 −6 6| = 2(−6) − (−4)(21) + 3(36) = 180
5 −2 3
1 2 3
𝛥𝑦 = |2 −3 6| = (21) − 2(−24) + 3(25) = 144
5 5 3
1 4 2
𝛥𝑧 = |2 −6 −3| = (−36) − 4(25) + 2(26) = 84
5 −2 5
𝛥𝑥 180 𝛥𝑦 144 𝛥𝑧 84
𝑥= = , 𝑦= = , 𝑧= =
𝛥 152 𝛥 162 𝛥 162