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2022/23 Academic Year Geography Lesson Note for Grade 9

8.3.2 Points Compass Direction

• Compass is an instrument that indicates direction.
• There are thirty-two points of the compass.
• The four cardinal points of the compass– North, East, South and West.
• B/n the cardinal points there are subsidiary points which give a further indication.
 The intermediate points b/n the cardinal points at 450 intervals include:
 NE(450), SE(1350), SW(2250), and NW(3150)
 There are additional sub-divisions b/n the cardinal & subsidiary points which give more
precise directions at 22½0 intervals.
 These include:
 North-North-East (NNE), ½0
 East-North-East (ENE), ½0
 East-South-East (ESE), ½
 South-South-East (SSE), ½0
 South-South-West (SSW), ½
0
 West-South-West (WSW) and
0
 West-North-West (WNW) ½
8.3.3 North Points
• In map reading, reference may be made to the three North Points. These are: True north,
Magnetic north & Grid north.
A. True North/Geographic North
• is most commonly used north for finding direction.
• is sometimes called geographic north
• is the northerly direction along a line on Meridian.
• The North Pole is geographical North; or true North.
• is the direction from any point on the earth’s surface to the North Pole.
B. Magnetic North: is the direction a compass needle points.
• The difference b/n True North & Magnetic North at any given location is called Magnetic
Declination.
• A direction measured from the Magnetic North, the one indicated by the magnetic compass is
referred to as the Magnetic bearing or Azimuth with respect to the True or Geographic North.
C. Grid North:
• The grid lines on a map do not lie true north & south except along one standard Easting called the
central meridian.
• Elsewhere on the map they make an angle with the true north-south line.
• is the direction of the north-south grid lines (Eastings).
8.4 MAP SKETCHING
 Objectives

“ፈጣሪ የምንወዳቸውን ልጆቻችንን ፣ ሀገራችንን እና ህዝባችንን ይጠብቅልን!”

Geography Lesson Note for Grade 9
  draw sketch map of existing situation of local areas and
 indicate the positions of selected features
• A sketch map is an outline map drawn from observation showing only the main features of the
area.
• Sketch maps are free hand maps drawn on a blackboard or drawing pad to present geographic
ideas & facts
• It minimizes irrelevant detail & maximizes major geographic points.
• It is among the most important Geography skills
8.5 INTERPRETING MAPS AND GRAPHS
 Objectives
 interpret d/t physical &human landscapes on maps; and
 Construct statistical diagrams based on the provided data.
8.5.1 Interpreting Features of the Physical & Human Landscapes
 Symbols should satisfy the following requirements.
• They should be uniform throughout the map.
• They should be easy to read and understand.
• The space occupation, orientation & size of the symbols should be constant.
 some of the symbols & conventional signs that are widely used, and understood worldwide:
• Cities & towns are indicated by dots or patches of shading;
• Streams and bodies of water are often printed in blue;
• Political boundaries are shown by dot lines/solid lines.
8.5.2 Interpreting Graphs, Tables and Diagrams
• Statistical diagrams are pictorial representations of numerical information.
 Examples; Charts, graphs and diagrams
• It make information easier to present & understand
• It is easier to make comparisons, see trends (changes over time) and draw conclusions.
• They are particularly important tools for presenting large amounts of statistical data.
i. Simple Line Graph
• Its uses lines to show changes over time.
• It is also used to show the r/ship b/n two sets of information/phenomena.
 Steps used to draw a line graph:
1. The horizontal axis is normally used to represent an independent variable, i.e. time, while the
vertical axis represent a dependent variable,
2. The base of the vertical scale should be at zero, and the top should be slightly higher than the
maximum value to be recorded on it.
3. When plotting the graph use small crosses or dots to mark values.

“ፈጣሪ የምንወዳቸውን ልጆቻችንን ፣ ሀገራችንን እና ህዝባችንን ይጠብቅልን!”

Geography Lesson Note for Grade 9
ii. Simple Bar Graph
• Uses horizontal or vertical bars to show d/t amounts of the same item or d/t values for the same
phenomenon.
• The heights or lengths of the bars on a graph are proportional to the quantities they represent.

iii. Pie Chart

• Pie charts are circle graphs.
• They use segments to represent parts of the whole pie.
• The size of each segment is proportional to the size of the part that it represents.
 Pie charts are primarily used to
 Show the sizes of parts in relation to a single whole.
 Show the sizes of those parts in relation to each other.

“ፈጣሪ የምንወዳቸውን ልጆቻችንን ፣ ሀገራችንን እና ህዝባችንን ይጠብቅልን!”

Geography Lesson Note for Grade 9
“ፈጣሪ የምንወዳቸውን ልጆቻችንን ፣ ሀገራችንን እና ህዝባችንን ይጠብቅልን!”
Geography Lesson Note for Grade 9