FACULTY OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
STA104

FAST FOOD CONSUMPTION AMONG STUDENTS

PREPARED FOR:
MADAM NUR IZZAH BINTI JAMIL

PREPARED BY:
BA1112A

NO NAME MATRICS ID

1. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI KARIM (2023385347)

2. NURUL FATIN ‘AQILAH BINTI NOOR AZMEE (2023160451)

3. DANIA NADIRA BINTI DARUL HISHAM (2023189121)

DATE OF SUBMISSION:
12 JANUARY 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

GROUP MEMBERS PROFILE 4

1.0 INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
2.0 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 6

3.0 DATA COLLECTION METHOD 6

4.0 DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES 7-22

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT
5.0 CONCLUSION 23

2
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessings
throughout our asssignment to complete it successfully. Not to forget to each members of our
group, which is Nur Athirah, Nurul Fatin ‘Aqilah and Dania Nadira for the contribution for their
time and knowledge in making this assignment. We are extending my heartfelt thanks to each
members for the patience and corporation during discussion. This report has been paid with our
full effort in order to complete it.

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my beloved lecturer, Pn Nur Izzah binti
Jamil, lecturer for Introduction to Statistics, STA104 throughout numerous consultation,
suggestion and superb encouragement in making this assignment. Hence, without her guidance,
we cannot do this report correctly. All the brainstorming session and idea are effectively working
to produce ideas and suggestions. With that, everything running smoothly and every members has
been doing a good work.

Last but not least, much thanks to our closest friends and family for the love, prayers, help and
support for us. Lastly, all of members are very thankful for everyone helps either directly or
indirectly in making our assignment completed.

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 GROUP MEMBERS PROFILE

NURUL FATIN ‘AQILAH BINTI NUR ATHIRAH BINTI KARIM

NOOR AZMEE 2023385347
2023160451

DANIA NADIRA BINTI DARUL HISHAM 2023189121

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Fast food is food that is quickly created and served, and is frequently provided in restaurants
with a focus on speed and convenience. These establishments often feature a set menu of popular
items such as burgers, fries, and soft drinks. Fast food is popular among on-the-go or busy
individuals for its low cost, ease of availability, and quick service. However, it has been cautioned
for the potential negative impact on health caused by excessive amounts of calories, fat, salt, and
sugar in many menu items. In response to public health concerns, the fast-food industry has
evolved throughout time, adapting to changing consumer needs and delivering healthier options.
This study digs into a statistical analysis of student fast food consumption. This topic was chosen
due to the increasing prevalence of fast food consumption that has raised concerns about its impact
on health, particularly among student populations. Investigating this topic allows us exploring of
potential health consequences associated with frequent fast food intake. Furthermore, since most
students often lead to busy and hectic life, this study lead us to Understanding the patterns and
preferences in fast food consumption provides insights into the lifestyle choices. This study also
study about economic consideration, where we Exploring how much students spend on fast food
per week adds an economic dimension to the study. This information can contribute to discussions
about budgeting, financial habits, and the economic impact of fast food consumption on students.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

i. To quantify and analyze students’ preferences for fast food
ii. To determine the frequency of fast food consumption among students
iii. To determine the most popular fast food chains among students.
iv. To examine patterns of fast food consumption in a specific days or times.
v. To examine the potential health consequences of high fast food consumption among
students.

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2.0 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

In the context of a study on fast food consumption among students, convenience sampling
involves selecting participants based on their accessibility or ease of inclusion in the study. This
method is often chosen for its practicality and convenience, as it allows researchers to quickly
gather data from readily available subjects. For instance, participants might be recruited from
specific classes, dormitories, or areas with easy access. Often, the respondents are selected because
they happen to be in the right place at the right time where the researcher conducting the survey.
While convenience sampling has its advantages in terms of efficiency, it introduces a potential
source of bias. Since participants are not randomly or systematically selected from the entire
student population, the sample may not be representative of the diverse characteristics within the
student community. This could impact the external validity of the study, making it challenging to
generalize findings to the broader student population. Researchers opting for convenience
sampling should be cautious about potential biases and consider the trade-off between ease of data
collection and the ability to draw accurate, generalizable conclusions. Additionally, it is essential
to transparently acknowledge the limitations associated with convenience sampling when
interpreting and discussing study results. The advantages of convenience sampling is it is quick
and convenient, making it a time-efficient method for data collection. This is especially valuable
when researchers have limited time and resources. Other than that, this sampling often involves
lower costs compared to more complex sampling methods, as it requires fewer resources for
participant recruitment and data collection. It is also easily accessible that participants make it
practical for studies conducted within a specific location or community, such as a university
campus.

3.0 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

The data collection method for studying fast food consumption among students can involve a
combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches using questionnaires that provides close
ended and open ended questions include questions addressing preferences, frequency of
consumption, favorite choices, and spending habits on fast food

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4.0 DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES

VARIABLE ITEM TYPE OF SCALE OF

VARIABLE MEASUREMENT

Gender Question 1 Qualitative Nominal

Age Question 2 Quantitative Interval
Semester Question 3 Qualitative Nominal
Program Question 4 Qualitative Nominal
Do you like eating Question 5 Qualitative Nominal
fast food?
How frequent you are Question 6 Qualitative Nominal
eating fast food?
Which fast food you Question 7 Qualitative Ordinal
like eating the most?
On average, how Question 8 Quantitative Ratio
much do you usually
spend on fast food
per week?

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4.1 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT

4.2 QUALITATIVE

4.2.1 GENDER

GENDER NUMBER OF STUDENT

MALE 9
FEMALE 27
TOTAL 36
Table 1: Frequency Distribution Table of Gender

Figure 2: Percentage of 36 students gender

Based on the pie chart, it shows gender among students, male and female does not have the
same proportion. Male students’ proportion is 25% (9 students). Meanwhile female students
proportion is 75% (27 students).

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4.2.2 SEMESTER

SEMESTER NUMBER OF STUDENT

SEMESTER 1 16
SEMESTER 2 11
SEMESTER 3 4
SEMESTER 4 2
SEMESTER 5 3
TOTAL 36
Table 2: Frequency Distribution Table of Semester

Figure 2: Number of student from different semester

Based on the vertical bar chart, 16 students who came from semester 1 are the highest among the
other semester along with semester 2 with 11 students. Next is 4 students from semester 3, and 2
students from semester 4. Lastly, there are 3 students who came from semester 5.

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4.2.3 PROGRAM TAKEN BY STUDENTS

PROGRAM NUMBER OF STUDENT

BA111 20
BA119 7
IM110 4
IM224 2
MC243 1
MC110 2
TOTAL 36
Table 3: Frequency Distribution Table of program taken by student

Figure 3: Number of students from different program

Based on horinzontal bar chart, 20 students who came from program BA111 are the highest
among the other programs. The second highest number of students are from program BA119
which are 7 students. The third one is 4 students program IM110. Program IM224 and MC110
have the same amount of students and lastly, 1 student from program MC243.

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4.2.4 DO STUDENTS LIKE EATING FAST FOOD

STUDENTS OPINION NUMBER OF STUDENT

YES 28
NO 1
MAYBE 7
TOTAL 36
Table 4: Frequency Distribution Table of student that likes eating fast food

Figure 4: Percentage of 36 student’s that likes fast food

Based on the pie chart, it shows the percentage of students likes eating fast food. There are 77.8%
students who likes eating fast food. Moreover, there are 19.4% of students who are in hesitation in
their likings. Otherwise, there are 2.8% of students who do not likes eating fast food.

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4.2.5 HOW OFTEN STUDENTS EATING FAST FOOD

STUDENTS OPINION NUMBER OF STUDENT

ONCE A WEEK 11
ONCE A MONTH 5
SEVERAL TIME OF WEEK 8
SEVERAL TIME OF MONTH 5
EVERYDAY 2
RARELY 5
TOTAL 36
Table 5: Frequency Distribution Table of often students eating fast food

Figure 5: Number of students who often eats fast food

Based on horinzontal bar chart, it shows that how frequent students eats fast food. The highest
goes to 11 students who eat fast food once a week. Next, 5 students who eat fast food once a month.
There are 8 students who eat fast food several times a week and 5 students eat in several times a
month. 2 students eat fast food everyday and 5 students who rarely eats fast food.

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4.2.6 FAVORITE FAST FOOD AMONG STUDENTS

STUDENTS OPINION NUMBER OF STUDENT

FIVE FINGERS 2
MCDONALDS 16
MARRYBROWN 8
KFC 8
PIZZA HUT 2
TOTAL 36
Table 6: Frequency Distribution Table of Favorite Fast Food Among Student

Figure 6: Number of students of their favourite fast food

Based on the vertical bar chart, McDonalds is the most favorite fast food among student with 16
students in total. Marrybrown and KFC are in the same figure, which 8 students’ favorite.
Furthermore, 2 students likes Five Fingers and Pizza Hut.

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4.3 QUANTITATIVE

4.3.1 AGE

i) OGIVES

Age Number of Student (f)

18-20 16
21-23 12
24-26 8
TOTAL 36
Table 7: Frequency Distribution Table of Student Age

Figure 7: Students age

From the ogives chart above, the highest goes to number of students for the age 18 to 20
years old are 16 students along with 12 students, for the age 21 to 23 years old. Next, 8 students
who are from 24 to 26 years old.

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ii) HISTOGRAM

AGE FREQUENCY (F) CLASS BOUNDARIES

18-20 16 17.5-20.5
21-23 12 20.5-23.5
24-26 8 23.5-26.5

Table 8: Frequency Distribution Table of Student Age

Figure 8: Students age

Based on the graph, 16 students who came from age 18 to 20 years old are the highest among the
other semester along with the age of 21 to 23 years old with 12 students. Next is 8 students from
age 24 to 26 years old.

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iii) MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE)

AGE FREQUENCY, F CUMULATIVE MIDPOINT, X X2 FX FX2

FREQUENCY
18-20 16 16 19 361 304 92,416

21-23 12 28 22 484 264 69,696

24-26 8 36 23 625 200 40,000

36 769

 Mean

∑𝑓𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑛
769
=
36
=21.36

AGE FREQUENCY, F CUMULATIVE POSITION OF

FREQUENCY DATA
18-20 16 16 1-16

21-23 12 28 17-28

24-26 8 36 29-36

 Median
∑𝑓
− ∑𝑓𝑚−1
𝑥̃ = 𝐿𝑚 + [ 2 ]×𝐶
𝑓𝑚
36
−16
2
= 21 + [ ]×2
12
= 21.34

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  Mode

𝑓0 − 𝑓1
𝑥̂ = 𝐿+ ( )×𝐶
(𝑓0 − 𝑓1) + (𝑓0 − 𝑓2 )
16 − 0
= 18 + [ ]×2
(16 − 0) + (16 − 12)
= 19.6

IV) MEASURES OF DISPERSION ( VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION)

 Standard deviation

1 (∑𝑓𝑥 )2
𝑆=√ 2
(∑𝑓𝜘 − )
𝑛−1 𝑛

1 591361
=√ (202112 − )
36−1 36
1
=√ (185685.30)
36−1
=72.84

 Variance

S2 = 72.842
= 5305.67

v) SHAPE OF DISTRIBUTION
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛−𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒
=
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
21.36−19.5
=
72.84

= 0.0255
The distribution of data is positively skewed to the right

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4.3.2 THE AVERAGE RINGGIT SPEND ON FAST FOOD PER WEEK
i) OGIVES

RINGGIT SPENT (RM) NUMBER OF STUDENTS

1-10 4
11-20 8
21-30 10
31-40 12
41-50 2
TOTAL 36

Table 9: Frequency Distribution Table of the average ringgit spend on fast food per week

Figure 9: The average of Ringgit spend on fast food

From the ogives chart above, the highest that student spent on fast food goes to RM 31-40
for 12 students. Next, 10 students spent RM 21-30 on fast food, 8 students spent around RM 11-
20 on fast food. Moreover, there are 4 students who spent RM 1-10 and only 2 students spent RM
41-50 on fast food.

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ii) HISTOGRAM

STUDENT OPINION (RM) NUMBER OF STUDENTS CLASS BOUNDARIES

1-10 4 0.5-10.5
11-20 8 10.5-20.5
21-30 10 20.5-30.5
31-40 12 30.5-40.5
41-50 2 40.5-50.5
Table 10: Frequency Distribution Table of the average ringgit spend on fast food per week

Figure 10: The average of Ringgit spend on fast food

From the graph above, the highest that student spent on fast food goes to RM 31-40 for 12
students. Next, 10 students spent RM 21-30 on fast food, 8 students spent around RM 11-20 on
fast food. Moreover, there are 4 students who spent RM 1-10 and only 2 students spent RM 41-50
on fast food.

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iii) MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE)

RINGGIT FREQUENCY, CUMULATIVE MIDPOINT, X2 FX FX2

SPENT F FREQUENCY X
(RM)
1-10 4 4 5.5 30 22 484

11-20 8 12 15.5 240 124 15376

21-30 10 22 25.5 650 255 65025

31-40 12 34 35.5 1260 426 181476

41-50 2 36 45.5 2070 91 8281

36 918

 Mean

∑𝑓𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑛
918
=
36
=25.5

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 RINGGIT FREQUENCY, F CUMULATIVE POSITION OF
SPENT FREQUENCY DATA
(RM)
1-10 4 4 1-4

11-20 8 12 5-12

21-30 10 22 13-22

31-40 12 34 23-34

41-50 2 36 35-36

 Median
∑𝑓
− ∑𝑓𝑚−1
𝑥̃ = 𝐿𝑚 + [ 2 ]×𝐶
𝑓𝑚
36
−12
2
= 21 + [ ]×9
10
= 26.4

 Mode

𝑓0 − 𝑓1
𝑥̂ = 𝐿+ ( )×𝐶
(𝑓0 − 𝑓1) + (𝑓0 − 𝑓2 )
12 − 10
= 31 + [ ]×9
(12 − 10) + (12 − 2)
= 32.5

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IV) MEASURES OF DISPERSION ( VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION)

 Standard deviation

1 (∑𝑓𝑥 )2
𝑆=√ 2
(∑𝑓𝜘 − )
𝑛−1 𝑛

1 842724
=√ (270642 − )
36−1 36
1
=√ (185685.30)
36−1
=RM 84.05

 Variance

S2 = 84.052
= RM 7063.80

v) SHAPE OF DISTRIBUTION
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛−𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒
=
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
25.5−19.5
=
84.05

= 0.07139
The distribution of data is positively skewed to the right

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5.0 CONCLUSION

Our group has done our research project on fast food consumption among students. We used
convenience sampling for this research that involves 36 students using questionnaire. First and
foremost, the proportion between genders are not the same which, 75% of female respondents
higher than male respondents. Most of the respondents are in range age of 18 to 20 years old. Next,
the majority of students are from semester 1 along with semester 2. Most of them are from program
BA111. Furthermore, most students likes eating fast food with 77.8%. Students often eat fast food
once a week, and the most high chosen of fast food are McDonalds. Lastly, the highest amount
that average students will spend are RM31 to RM 40 and the lowest one would be RM 41 to RM
50. To conclude, our group have met the objectives of our report and our goal has been
accomplished.

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