SECTIONA
1. Use of Vernier
Callipers
xperiment 1(a))
AIM:
To measure diameter of a small sphericalcylindrical body using a Vern ier
callipers.
REQUIREMENTS :
Vernier callipers, spherical/eylindrical body.
THEORY :
Introduction to Vernier Callipers:
Vernier Callipers : This instrument is used to measure accurately up to 0.1 mm. It was
designed by
French mathematician Pierre Vernier and hence the name Vernier Callipers, after the name of the inventor.
ulunluuul
Fig. 1. Vernier Calipers
The main parts of Vernier Callipers are :
(a) Main Scale: The main scale 'M is graduated in mm and cm on one side.
(6) Vernier Scale: It is sliding scale. The side of Vernier scale lying towards the mm ide of the main
scale has 10 equal parts (divisions) and 10 div. of Vernier scale coincides with 9div. of main scale as
shown in fig. 1.
(c) Jaws: It has two jaws PC and QD. The jaw PC lies on the zero end of main scale and QD is attached
to vernier. Jaw PC is fixed while QD moves with vernier. The upper jaws are used to measure
internal diameter and lower jaws are used to measure length, external diameter, etc.
() Strip: Itis attached to VS and is used to measure the depths of hollow objects (eylinder, beaker, ete.)
EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 11 13
Determination of Zero Error.
coincides with zero of Vernier scale when jaws Cand Dare
If the zero of main scale brought
with each other, then the instrument is free from error or it is said to have no zero error. But in contae
practice, it is never so. Due to wear and tear of t iaws and sometime due to manufacturing defects,inthe. actal
does not coincide with zero of main scale. It gives rise to an
mark of the Vernier scale error called zero erry
can be positive or negative.
Zero error
correction.
(i) Positive zero error and its
mark of the
t Vernier scale lies towards the right sidee
The zero error is positive when the zero
zero of the main scale when jaws C and D are made to touch each other. In such a of the
case measurd
length will be more than the actual length and, therefore, the zero error is called positive Zero
In fig. 2, positive zero error is calculated from the vernier division coinciding with main seale error
Zero error =0.00 + 4 x VC
=0.00 + 4 x 0.01
Zero error =0.04 cm
To get correct reading 0.04 cm is to be 4th Division Coinciding
subtracted from the observed value. Fig. 2.
(ii) Negative zero error and its correction.
The zero error is negative when the zero mark of the Vernier scale lies towards the left side of he
zero of the main scale when the jaws are in contact as shown in fig. 3. The length measured by sych
instruments is less than the actual length and, therefore, the zero error is called negative zero error
From diagram
Zero error =0.00 -(105) x VC
=-5x0.01 =-0.05 cm 6
sth Dision Coinciding
Correct reading = Observed reading {-0.05)
=OR + 0,05 cm Fig. 3.
Determination of Least Count or Vernier Constant : Least count is the smallest value of aphysical
quantity which can be measured accurately with an instrument. For an instrument where Vernier is used its
Vernier Constant (VC) is its Least Count (LC).
From fig. 1, 10 div. of vernier scale coincide with9 div. of main scale and the length of 1div. on main scale
1s 1 mm.
10 VSD =9 MSD
9
1 VSD =
10 MSD
The quantity (1 MSD - 1VSD) is called vernier constant (VC)
9
ve = MSD
1
MSD
10
1
=x lmm (: 1MSD = 1mm)
10
VC =0.1 mm = 0,01 cm
K14 EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 1
PROCEDURE:
(a) Determine the
Vernier
(b) Bring the movable jaw constant of the callipers as
in contact with the explained above.
scale, then there is no zero error. If it fixed jaw. If zero of vernier
above. does not coincides with zero of main
coincide, then find the zero
(O With the help of lower correction as explained
jaws, grip the body gently without
(d) Note the main scale
reading just before the zero of the undue pressure as in fig. 4.
Vernier
coinciding with some main scale division. scale and Vernier scale division
(e) Determine the diameter by
adding the product of number of divisions
main scale reading. coinciding and the VC to the
(9 Similarly, measure the
() Repeat the diameter of the sphere along EF ie., l AB.
observations
P
three times and take the mean.
J P
5,
M
3 14
N A
D Fig. 4.
GLASS MARBLE
OBSERVATIONS:
VC = s**....e.e..... Cm
Zero error
Cm (ü) Cm (iim) Cm
Mean zero error =
Mean zero correction = *********ses**. Cm
S.No. Main scale Vernier scale div. Fraction to Observed Mean
reading coinciding with be added 'y diameter observed
(x) cm MSD 'n y= (n x 0.01) cm (xty) cm diameter
1., AB
EF
2. AB Cm
EF
3. AB bes Cm
EF
Mean diameter (d) = Cm
Mean corrected diameter =d+ zero correction = Cm
EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL- 11 15
RESULT:
The diameter of the given body is
Cm
PRECAUTIONS:
be frictionlesS,
() Motion of vernier scale should
be caleulated carefully,
(i) The vernier constant and zero error should
be avoided.
(ü) Undue pressure on the body of vernier callipers should
SOURCES OF ERROR :
cylindrical.
() Body may not be perfectly spherical or
evenly marked.
(ii) Graduations on scale may not be
(iii) Parallax may creep in while taking observations.
each other.
(iv) Main scale and jaws may not be at right angle to
xperiment 1(b)
AIM:
To measure internal diameter, depth and volume of a beaker / calorimeter using Vernier
callipers and hence find its volume.
REQUIREMENTS:
Vernier callipers, beaker.
THEORY:
If d, is internal diameter of beaker, h is depth of beaker, then volume Vof beaker is :
V=rh
4
PROCEDURE:buctaib
(a) For measuring internal diameter, upper jaws are to be used. They are inserted inside the beakerand
made to touch the inner surface without undue pressure on beaker and proceed as explained in
experiment 1(a).
(6) For measuring depth of calorimeter, the strip N(ref. fig. I) of Vernier callipers is used. Put the edg
of the main scale of the Vernier callipers on the peripheral edge of the calorimeter in such a way tha
strip Nis able to go inside the calorimeter along its length. Now, keep on sliding the movable jaw
until end of strip touches the bottom surface of beaker. Note the main scale reading and vernie
division coinciding. Repeat the process for three different readings at three different points on th
circumference of beaker.
16 EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL -11
OBSERVATIONS:
Vernier constant=.. Cm
Zero error = Cm
Zero correction =
Internal diameter: Cm
S.No. Main scale
VSD coinciding Fraction to be
reading with MSD Observed
added diameter
x (cm)
n
y =n x VC (em) (x+ ) cm
1. (a)
(6)
2. (a)
(6
3. (a)
Mean observed diameter =..... em
Mean corrected diameter d, =...ss. Cm
Depth of beaker :
S.No. MSR VSD coinciding Fraction to be Observed
x (cm) with MSD added depth
n
y=nxVC (em) (x+ y) cm
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mean observed depth d, = ...... Cm
Mean corrected depth d, =
CALCULATIONS:
Volume of beaker V: cm
4
RESULT:
Volume of beaker=
17
EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-11
PRECAUTIONS:
taken into account
() The zero error should be noted carefully with sign and
pressed too hard.
() The jaws should not be
The dimension to be measured (length, diameter or depth) should be parallel to main scale
positions of fthe jaws which are in contact when
(i) The beaker should be held between those
is closed without placing the beaker between them.
the calligen
() The beaker between the jaws should not be held either too tight or too lo0se
smooth.
(vi) Oil the vernier if its motion is not
(wi) While measuring the depth, the strip should be perpendicular to the bottom surface
(viüi) While measuring the depth, the edge of the main scale should not get out of contact from the
the beaker when the end of the sliding rod touches the bottom mouthe
(ix) Zero error for the measurement of depth is different from the usual zero error of a Vernier
So it should be determined separately and carefully. calliper
Viva-Voce
Q. 1. What is Vernier callipers ? Why is it so Q. 6. What is an angular vernier ?
called ? Ans. It is used for measuring fraction of adegree
Ans. It is an instrument used for measuring small an angle. It is provided in sextants and
length of spherical/eylindrical objects (upto spectrometer.
fraction of amm accurately). Itwas invented Q.7. Can we measure the thickness of Dane
by French Mathematician Pierre Vernier; thus
or hair with Vernier callipers ?
this instrument is called Vernier callipers,
Ans. No, their dimensions are too smal.
Q. 2. What is meant by least count (LC) of a Q. 8. What is the funetion of thin rod provide
measuring instrument ?
at the back of the Vernier callipers ?
Ans. The least count ofa measuring instrument is
Ans. It helps to find the depth of avessel accuratel
smallest value of physical quantity which can
be measured by the instrument. Q. 9. Why is the diameter or thickness of
Q. 3. What is meant by zero error of Vernier
spherical body measured in two mutually
callipers ? perpendicular directions ?
Ans. To eliminate error due to the non-uniformit
Ans. On bringing the jaws of Vernier callipers in of the diameter of the wire.
contact with each other, the zero of the Vernier
scale in some instruments does not coincide with Q. 10. What is the advantage of using aVernie
scale ?
the zero of the main scale. Such instruments
are said to possess a zero error. Ans. The use of a Vernier scale increases th
Q. 4. Which one wilI be more accurate : a accuracy of the instrument.
calliper with small VC or a calliper withQ. 11. What is zero correction ?
large VC?
Ans. It is the correction to be applied to th
Ans. A calliper with small Vernier constant. measured value to get the correct value. It
Q. 5. Why is Vernier scale used ? the -ve of the zero error and 1s alwa
Ans. To increase the accuracy of measurement. algebraically added to the observed value.
18
EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL-1
O 19 What is the least count of ametre scale? Q. 15. A student
Ans. lmm or 0.1 cm. commits an error of 1%
Q. 13. Do you know the measuring the diameter of a sphere. while
What
strip of the Vernierfunction
of the sliding is %error in the volume of the
callipers ? sphere ?
Ans. Yes, it helps to measure the depth of the vessel Ans. We know
that volume of a sphere V = 4
o. 14. What is the maximum
error in
diameter of a body measured withthea 4 (D)3 4n
Vernier callipers?
Ans. The error is equal to vernier constant of the
Vernier callipers i.e, 0.0l cm. ie., diameter has a power 3
:. Error in V = 1 x 3=3%
