Lecturer

R Mambwe
 Subject Content
Chapter I: Introduction
➢ Module 1: Sources of water supply
➢ Module 2: Regulations governing water in South Africa
➢ Module 3: Water abstraction
Chapter II: Water Distribution Systems
➢ Module 1: Water Demand
➢ Module 2: Single pipe design
➢ Module 3: Pumps
➢ Module 4: Service reservoir
➢ Module 5: Water Distribution System
Chapter III: Sewer design & sanitation
➢ Module 1: Stormwater sewer
➢ Module 2: Sanitary sewer
➢ Module 3: Sanitation
Revision
 Objectives
By the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
➢ Explain the importance of stormwater management

➢ Understand & compute time of concentration

➢ Compute rainfall intensity

➢ Determine composite runoff coefficient

➢ Estimate the quantity of runoff from an area and ultimately determine

the size of sewer (Use of Manning equation & rational formula)

➢ Apply partial flow diagrams

➢ Explain Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

 3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Storm water Management & Urban drainage
The purpose of stormwater management
➢ Stormwater management is based on
✓ the need to protect the health, welfare and safety of the public, and to
protect property from flood hazards by safely routing and discharging
storm water from developments;
✓ the quest to improve the quality of life of affected communities;
✓ the opportunity to conserve water and make it available to the
public for beneficial uses;
✓ the responsibility to preserve the natural environment;
✓ the need to strive for a sustainable environment while pursuing
economic development;
✓ the desire to provide the optimum methods of controlling runoff
in such a way that the main beneficiaries pay in accordance with
their potential benefits.
 3.1.2 SWM and Urban drainage in developing countries
➢ What is urban drainage?
✓ management of urban runoff to reduce the potential impact of new and
existing developments
➢ Urban drainage and environmental health
✓ In poorly drained areas, urban runoff mixes with sewage causing
pollution
✓ Flooded septic tanks & leach pits provide breeding sites for mosquitoes
✓ Faecally contaminated wet soil provide ideal conditions for spread of
intestinal worm infections
✓ Infiltration of polluted water into low pressure distribution systems
contaminate drinking water supplies, causes outbreaks of diarrhoea and
other gastro-intestinal diseases
➢ Operational performance and maintenance of drainage
systems
✓ Many SWM problems are linked to poor solid waste management
✓ Lack of resources for solid waste management and equipment
✓ Poor communication between different urban authorities responsible for
O&M of drainage network
✓ Inadequate integration between road and urban stormwater drainage can
be attributed to
o natural causes such as intense rainfall,
o flat topography and poor soil infiltration or
o man-made causes such as improperly laid and graded street,
o poor and inefficient drainage facilities that aggravate the flooding problem
Stormwater management– failures or
not?

Johannesburg, Apr 2017

Stormwater management – failures or
not?

Johannesburg, Apr 2017

 Failures or not?

Durban, 10 Oct 2017

 Failures or not?

Beira, March 2018

Failures or not?
 SWM and Urban drainage in developing countries
➢ Urban planning and storm water drainage
✓ Residential and commercial developments exacerbate urban drainage
problems by increasing the impermeable areas that produce urban runoff
✓ Drainage of runoff may be restricted by downstream flow constructions
(such as informal settlements or construction in floodplain)
✓ Natural drainage not often liked by urban engineers
✓ Design engineers not often taking into account the existence of
waterways and wetlands
➢ In South Africa, stormwater management in the urban areas
predominantly focus on collecting runoff and channeling it to the
nearest watercourse
➢ The focus is more on quantity (flow) management with little or no
emphasis on the preservation of the environ.ment
 SWM and Urban drainage in developing countries
➢ Urban planning and storm water drainage
❖ Planning, design, O&M of urban drainage systems continue to be a challenge
for urban authorities
❖ The effectiveness of SW management systems can be directly linked to the
efficacy of urban drainage
 SWM and Urban drainage in developing countries
➢ If not adequately managed, stormwater can cause great damage …
 3.1.3 Urban drainage in practice
➢ In practice, urban drainage is intended to ensure that
stormwater and other wastewater generated are safely
conveyed to treatment or disposal points
➢ Urban drainage covers
✓ Types of drainage
✓ Characterisation of rainfall
✓ Standard practices in the design of urban drainage
✓ Estimation of dry and wet weather flow
✓ Layout and design of sewer
✓ Hydraulics of urban drainage and sewerage
✓ Pumping stations
✓ Data acquisition for urban drainage and sewerage studies
✓ Model-based design and simulation
 3.2 Design principles
➢ Any drainage installation is sized according to:
➢ Probability of occurrence (related to frequency) of an expected peak
discharge during the design life of the installation.
➢ Intensity and duration of rainfall events
➢ Runoff coefficient
➢ Streamflow.
 3.2 Design principles
➢ The proportion of rainfall that eventually becomes streamflow
is dependent on the following factors:
✓ The size of the drainage area
The larger the area, the greater the volume of runoff. An estimate of basin area is
needed in order to use runoff formulas and charts.

✓ Topography
Runoff volume generally increases with steepness of slope.

✓ Soil
Runoff varies with soil characteristics, particularly permeability and infiltration
capacity.
 3.2 Design principles
➢ Desirable minimum full flow velocity shall be 1.5 m/s
➢ Absolute minimum full flow velocity should be 0.9 m/s which is acceptable
only in unusual circumstances.
➢ Desirable and absolute minimum gradients are shown in the following table:

Diameter Desirable gradient 1/… Absolute min gradient 1/…

300 80 230
375 110 300
450 140 400
525 170 500
600 200 600
675 240 700
750 280 800
825 320 900
900 350 1000
1050 440 1250
1200 520 1500
 3.2 Design principles
➢ Most sewers are designed to flow as open channels, not under
pressure, even though they may flow full at times
➢ Steady uniform flow is usually assumed
➢ Steady flow is that in which the same volume of liquid flows past
any given point in each unit of time
➢ Uniform flow is that which is free from changes in velocity along
the course of the conduit or stream
➢ Manning formula is widely used for open channel flow
calculations
➢ The n value is factor of the surface character of the channel
3.2 Design principles
➢ The hydraulic grade line or piezometric line
✓ In open channel flow, the hydraulic grade line is the water surface
✓ The gradient or slope is the fall or the grade per unit of length
✓ Under ordinary conditions, the slope of a sewer is considered as the slope
of its invert; this implies that the hydraulic grade line or water surface will
be parallel the invert slope.
✓ It should be remembered that any condition that will change the slope of
the water surface will change the carrying capacity of the sewer
irrespective of the invert slope.

➢ Required velocities:
✓ usually not less than 0.9 m/s is desirable
✓ Pipes flowing 78% full have velocities less than pipes flowing full. Using
bigger pipes for low flow can make things worse.
3.3 Stormwater & Sewer Design Requirements

The design of sewer system involves the determination of

• Diameters
• Slopes
• Crown or invert elevations for each pipe in the system
 3.3 Stormwater Sewer Design
➢ SW is collected and conveyed in sewers to discharge points (e.g. river,
wetland etc.)
➢ The quantity of storm water is also referred to as wet weather flow (WWF)
➢ The quantity of SW is often determined using the Rational method :
𝐶𝑖𝐴
Q=
360
✓ Catchment area A (ha)
∑𝐶𝑖𝐴𝑖
✓ C factor – runoff coefficient (aka known as impermeability factor) =
∑𝐴𝑖
✓ i is rainfall intensity (mm/h)
✓ Q is runoff (m³/s)
➢ This method assumes that the catchment is a fully impervious rectangular
area (A) subjected to a depth of rain (D) which falls over a given time (t) at a
constant intensity (i).
➢ However, we know catchments are not 100% impervious & that losses do
occur. We can use the runoff coefficient “C”
 3.3.1 The runoff coefficient
➢ The run-off coefficient is a factor ranging between 0 and 1 which
compensates for variations in rainfall over the catchment, infiltration and
overland flow velocity during a storm, the shape of the catchment, ground
slope, etc.
➢ The coefficient 'C' forms a very important part of the calculation. 'C'
represents the physical properties of the area.
➢ This value is not an accurate value and is chosen by the designer on the
grounds of what is available in terms of the environment.
➢ If this environment changes in the future due to upgrading or any other
reason, ‘C’ cannot change and the calculation is then not correct any more.
➢ This is unfortunately the reality of the design philosophy.
➢ Therefore the designer must have a thorough knowledge of the area.
 The runoff coefficient
➢ Runoff factors (Source: Drainage Manual)
Rural Cr Urban Cu
Components Classification Mean Annual Rainfall (MAR in mm) Use Factor
<600 600 - 900 >900
Surface slope Vlei’s & pans (<3%) 0.01 0.03 0.05 Lawns
Ch Flat areas (3 to 10%) 0.06 0.08 0.11 Sandy, flat (<2%) 0.05 – 0.10
Hilly (10 to 30%) 0.12 0.16 0.20 Sandy, steep (>7%) 0.15 – 0.20
Steep areas (>30%) 0.22 0.26 0.30 Heavy soils, flat (<2%) 0.13 – 0.17
Heavy soils, steep (>7%) 0.25 – 0.35
Permeability Very permeable 0.03 0.04 0.05 Residential areas
Cd Permeable 0.06 0.08 0.10 Houses 0.30 – 0.50
Semi-permeable 0.12 0.16 0.20 Flats 0.50 – 0.70
impermeable 0.21 0.26 0.30
Vegetation Thick bushy & plantation 0.03 0.04 0.05 Industry
Cp Light bush & farm lands 0.07 0.11 0.15 Light industry 0.50 – 0.80
Grass lands 0.17 0.21 0.25 Heavy industry 0.60 – 0.90
No vegetation 0.26 0.28 0.30 Business
Suburban 0.50 – 0.70
City centre 0.70 – 0.95
Streets 0.70 – 0.95
Maximum flood 1.00

(1) Influence on return period T (2) Dense wood (man made) (1) If limited T has no influence on C2
applied only if more than 25% (2) for T = max, use C2 = 1
of A is covered by it

T (years) C1 Surface slope T (years) C1

≤ 20 0.67 (Cs + Cp +Cv) ≤ 3% 10 0.10
100 0.15
50 0.83 (Cs + Cp +Cv)
>10% 10 0.13
100 Cs + Cp +Cv 100 0.20
Max Cs + Cp max +Cv max For T refer to note (1)
 Storm water Sewer Design
Example
A catchment area consists of various surfaces including watertight
roofs (25ha), buildings (20ha), gardens (35ha) and forest land
(20ha). The impermeability factors for these surfaces are 0.9, 0.8,
0.1 and 0.5, respectively. Determine the average C value.
A… Ci
A1 x C1 = 25 x 0.90 = 22.50
A2 x C2 = 20 x 0.80 = 16.00
A3 x C3 = 35 x 0.10 = 3.50
A4 x C4 = 20 x 0.5 = 10
..................
100 = 52
∑𝐶𝑖𝐴𝑖 52
I= = = 0.52
∑𝐴𝑖 100
3.3.2 Rainfall intensity
a) Time of concentration
➢ Flow times must now be considered. When a rainfall event
begins, rainfall does not immediately enter the sewer. The
overland flow time is known as “time of entry” – te. This
depends on:
 Surface Characteristics.
 System Characteristics – Length of flow path.
 Rainfall Characteristics. Times normally range between 5-10 minutes
➢ The “time of flow” (tf) is the time taken for flow at the point of
entry to reach a point “X” (the design point) in a sewer.
➢ The “time of concentration” tc is the time taken for runoff from
the most distant part (in terms of travel time) of the catchment
to reach a point „X‟. tc = te + tf
a) Time of concentration
➢ Channel flow time: is the time of flow through the sewers to the
point at which rate of flow is being assessed. It is equal to: flow
length divided by the average velocity
➢ Determination of the design rainfall intensity requires
knowledge of the return period, and the duration of rainfall
(which equals the time of concentration).
➢ The inlet time is affected by numerous factors, such as rainfall
intensity, surface slope, surface roughness, flow distance,
infiltration capacity, and depression storage. Hence accurate
values are difficult to obtain
➢ Design inlet flow times of 5 to 30 minutes are used in practice.
Time of concentration
➢ Kirpich’s equation can also be used to calculate inlet time as

0.00032𝐿0.77
➢ Time of entry te =
𝑆 0.385
o te= Time of entry (hr)
o L = Maximum length of travel (m)
o S = Slope equal to H/L, where H is the difference in elevation between the
remotest point to the basin and the outlet in outlet (m)

This equation can also be written as

Te = 0.0195 L0.77 S-0.0385 (in minutes)
Time of concentration
➢ The Kerby-Hatheway equation can also be used to calculate inlet
time as
0.67 𝑁𝐿 0.467
➢ Tc = [ ]
√𝑆

Where:
• tc = time of concentration (min),
• N = Kerby roughness parameter (dimensionless),
• S = overland flow slope (dimensionless).

If two or more times of concentration are possible for a point, the greater of the
times of concentration should be used for the determination of intensity.
Other formulas to determine
Tc and then i (IDF Curve): Step 2: Use Tc as storm
Step 1: Determine Tc = critical storm duration to find
duration on IDF curve. intensity for a given T
 For overland flow: on IDF curve.
𝑟𝐿 0.467
𝑇𝑐 = 0.604 0.5 where:  Note: where overland
𝑆
Tc = time of concentration (hrs) sub-catchment is
r = roughness coefficient obtained from Table upstream &
3.9
L = hydraulic length of catchment (km)
discharges into a
S = slope of catchment (m/m) watercourse sub-
catchment :
 For defined watercourse: Total Tc = overland Tc
0.87𝐿2 0.385 + watercourse Tc
𝑇𝑐 = where:
1000𝑆𝑎𝑣
L = length of longest watercourse (km)
Sav = mean channel slope (m/m) 30
 Step 2 cont.
Where IDF curve is not available, it is possible to use regionalised IDF curve equations
determined by Noort and Stephenson (1982) – for South Africa:
𝟑.𝟒+𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟑∗𝑴𝑨𝑷 𝑹𝟎.𝟑
For coastal regions: 𝒊= R = Return Period
(𝟎.𝟐𝟎+𝑻𝒄 )𝟎.𝟕𝟓
Tc = storm duration
(= time of concentration in hrs)
𝟕.𝟓+𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟒∗𝑴𝑨𝑷 𝑹𝟎.𝟑
For inland regions: 𝒊 = MAP in mm
(𝟎.𝟐𝟒+𝑻𝒄 )𝟎.𝟖𝟗
 Time of concentration
Storm duration
Time of concentration
➢ Due to the IDF relationship, each individual pipe in the
network is designed with a different storm duration.
➢ The design storm duration should be set to equal the time of
concentration.
 Why?
➢Storm 1 : t < tc
 A point is not reached where all the catchment is contributing to the flow
in the sewer. The event ends before flow from remote parts of the
catchment enter the sewer.
➢Storm 3 : t > tc
 With Storm 3, all the catchment does contribute. However, as the storm
duration is greater than tc, the intensity (and therefore the runoff) is
reduced.
 b) Rainfall intensity
Rainfall intensity
➢ The relation between accumulated rainfall height (P) and rainfall duration is
different for each place or region
➢ Rainfall intensity (I) is found by dividing the rainfall height (P) through the
duration of the rainfall (t).
➢ Typical rainfall depth – intensity - duration
Rainfall duration t(min) Rainfall depth P (mm) Rainfall intensity I (l/s/ha)
5 6.3 210
10 9.5 158
15 11.9 132
30 17.4 97
60 25.5 17
120 39.5 55
180 48.5 45
➢ The unit of rainfall is mm/h or l/s/ha
➢ Rainfall intensity I can be obtained using equations or IDF curve
 b) Rainfall intensity
Rainfall intensity
o can be obtained by using the IDF curve below
 Rainfall intensity
➢ The intensity of rainfall can be determined by this equation
25.4𝑎
➢I= (where t is the duration of storm and a & b are constant
𝑡+𝑏
dependant on storm duration
✓ For a storm of 5 to 10 min..........a = 30 and b =10
✓ For a storm of 20 to 100 min .....a = 40 and b = 20
➢ Other equations used include
2667
✓ Kuichling I = for 10 year rainfall occurrence and
𝑡+20
3048
✓ I= for 15 years rainfall occurrence etc.
𝑡+20
✓ Burkil-Ziegler
✓ MacMath
✓ Fanning
✓ Talbot
✓ Dicken
✓ Ryves
✓ Inglis
✓ Etc.
 Rainfall intensity
➢ The intensity of rainfall can be determined by this equation
𝑏
➢I =
(𝑡𝑐+𝑑)𝑒

• i = design rainfall intensity (mm/hr),

• tc = time of concentration (min), and
• b, d, e = parameters dependent on the watershed characteristics (specific to
each area)
 3.4 Storm water sewer design: Steps
The sewer size (in terms of flow rate)
Manning Formula
1
v= 𝑅2/3 𝑆 1/2
𝑛

1
Q= 𝑅2/3 𝑆1/2 𝐴
𝑛

Where:
 Q is the flow rate in m3/s
 n is Manning roughness coefficient
 R is the hydraulic radius (= A/P), where P is the wetted perimeter
 S is the channel’s slope
 A is the surface area
 3.4 Storm water sewer design: Steps
1. Assign a design rainfall return period (T), pipe roughness (ks – normally 0.6mm), time of
entry (te) and volumetric runoff coefficient (Cv).
2. Produce a preliminary layout of sewers, including tentative inlet locations.
3. Mark pipe numbers on the plan. To do this the longest route to the point of discharge is
determined. The most distant pipe is numbered 1.000, the second 1.001 etc. Branches are
numbered in a similar way.
 3.4 Storm water sewer design: Steps
4. Estimate impervious areas contributing to each pipe.

5. Make a first attempt [i.e. guess] at setting gradients and

diameters of each pipe.

6. Calculate pipe-full velocity (Vf) and flow-rate (Qf). This can be

done using the Colebrook-White Equation or hydraulics charts
and tables

7. Calculate the time of concentration. For downstream pipes,

compare alternative contributing branches and select the branch
resulting in the maximum tc.

8. Obtain a rainfall intensity from IDF curves for t = tc (for design

T).

9. Estimate the cumulative contributing impervious area.

10. Calculate Q using (Q=CiA/360)

11. Check Q < Qf and Vmax > vf > Vmin. Vmin is normally
specified to avoid sedimentation.

12 Adjust pipe diameter and gradient as necessary (given hydraulic

and physical constraints) and return to step 5 for each successive
pipe.
3.4.1 Partial flow
diagram
Stormwater sewers are not designed
to flow full. To facilitate calculations,
partial flow diagrams are used. The
give relationships of proportional
depth to:
 Proportional discharge (Q/Qfull)
 Proportional velocity (v/vfull)
 Example 1 _partial flow
What is the flow rate and velocity for a 450 mm diameter sewer laid on
a gradient of 1/300 when flowing full? What will be the flow rate and
velocity of assuming that it flows 250 mm deep? Use n = 0.013.
1 0.450 2/3
➢ Vf = 𝑥( ) 𝑥(0.003)1/2
0.013 4
➢ ..................Vf = 0.981 m/s
➢ Qf = Vf x A ----------0.156 m/s
𝑑 𝑄
➢
𝐷
= 0.25/0.45 = 0.56 and 𝑄𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 0.6
➢ Q = 0.156 x 0.6 -------------Q= 0.0936 m3/s
𝑣
➢ = 1.05 and v = 0.981x1.05 =1.03 m/s
𝑣𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙
 Example 2 (PFD)
A 525mm diameter sewer pipe (n=0.013) is placed on a slope of 0.002. At what
depth of flow does the velocity of flow equal 0.75 m/s?
➢ D= 0.525m, n=0.013, S=0.002 and v=0.75m/s
➢ vf= 1/0.013 x (0.525/4)2/3 x (0.002)1/2 ------ = 0.889 m/s
➢ Q = vA -------0.889xπ (0.525/4)2 = 0.192 m3/s
➢ v/vf = 0.75/0. 89 = 0.84
➢ Using PFD, d/D = 0.35 and d= 0.525x0.35 = 0.184m
 Examples
Example 3:
Calculate the maximum rate of runoff for the catchment area
consisting of various surfaces including watertight roofs (25
ha), buildings (20 ha), gardens (35 ha) and forest land (20 ha).
The impermeability factors for these surfaces are 0.9, 0.8, 0.1
and 0.5 respectively. The duration of storm is 30 minutes. Use I
25.4𝑎
= .
𝑡+𝑏
 Examples
Example 3:
i = 20.32 mm/hr
𝐶𝑖𝐴
Q=
360
0.52 𝑥 20.32 𝑥 100
= 360

Answer = 2.935 m³/s

Example 4
Storm sewer is proposed to drain a 12 hectares drainage area
shown in the figure below. With given data in the table below
determine the design discharge needed to convey 5-year peak
discharge.
Storm water sewer design
Upstream Area (Manhole 1): A = 4 ha
2700
o C = 0.8........tc= 10 min, then i = = 108 mm/hr
𝑡+15
𝐶𝑖𝐴 0.8 𝑥 108 𝑥 4
o Qp= = = 0.96 m³/sec
360 360

Downstream Area (Manhole 2): A = 4 +8 = 12 ha

o C = (0.8 x 4 + 0.5 x 8)/ 12 = 0.6
o Time from A – 1 – 2 = 10 + 10 = 20 min
o Time from B – 2 = 30 min (max), hence tc= 30 min
2700
oi= = 60 mm/hr
𝑡+15

𝐶𝑖𝐴 0.6 𝑥 60 𝑥 12
o Qp= = = 1.2 m³/sec
360 360
Storm water sewer design
25.4𝑎
Use i =𝑡+𝑏
Upstream Area (Manhole 1): A = 4 ha
o C = 0.8........tc= 10 min, then i= 38.1 mm/hr
𝐶𝑖𝐴 0.8 𝑥 38.1 𝑥 4
o Qp= = = 0.34 m³/sec
360 360

Downstream Area (Manhole 2): A = 4 +8 = 12 ha

o C = (0.8 x 4 + 0.5 x 8)/ 12 = 0.6
o Time from A – 1 – 2 = 10 + 10 = 20 min
o Time from B – 2 = 30 min (max), hence tc= 30 min
o i = 25.4a/(t+b) = 20.32 mm/hr

𝐶𝑖𝐴 0.6 𝑥 20.32 𝑥 12

o Qp= = = 0.41 m³/sec
360 360
Example 5
From a topographic map and field survey, the area of the
drainage basin upstream from the point in question is
found to be 35 hectares. Determine the maximum rate of
runoff for a 10-year and check a 25-year return period. The
following data were measured:
 Length of overland flow = 45 m Average overland slope = 2.0%
 Length of main basin channel = 700 m
 Slope of channel = 0.018 m/m = 1.8 %
 Estimated Manning’s n Roughness coefficient (n) of channel is,
n = 0.090
 Hydraulic radius = A/P, can be approximated by average depth, =
0.6m
 Land Use and Soil Data:
• From existing land use maps, land use for the drainage basin was
estimated to be: Residential (multi-units, attached) 40% (C = 0.68)
• Undeveloped (2.0% slope),with lawns, heavy soil cover 60% (C =
0.14)
 Storm water sewer design
Solution
a) Overland Flow
 The runoff coefficient (C) is given (=0.14).
 Time of Concentration
0.00032𝐿0.77
 From Kirpich’s formula te =
𝑆 0.385

with an overland flow length of 45 m, slope of 2.0 % and a C of 0.14, the

inlet time can be calculated:
............te = 0.027 hr = 1.6 min
 Channel flow velocity is determined from Manning’s formula:
Using n = 0.090, R = 0.6 m and S = 0.018m/m, V = 1.1 m/s. Therefore, flow
Time = (700 m)/(1.1 m/s)(60 s/min) = 10.61 min and tc = 1.6 + 10.61 = 12.21 min
Storm water sewer design
b) Rainfall intensity
 From the equation given with a duration equal to 12.61 minutes,
 I = 375/(12.21 + 5)0.71 = 49.73 mm/hr
10

c) Runoff coefficient
 A weighted runoff coefficient (C) for the total catchment area is
determined in the following table by using the values from C value
table presented above.

d) Peak runoff
From the rational equation:
Qp = CiA/360 =0.35 x 49.73 mm/h x 35 ha/360 = 1.69 m³/s
 Example 6 (Culvert)
Both a topographic map and field survey show the area of the drainage basin
upstream of a proposed highway culvert, which is found to be 19 hectares (Figure
below).
In terms of soils and surface cover, the existing drainage area is reasonably
homogeneous with mostly light woodlands and brush.
- Path AC is about 50 m of overland flow over pasture and 255 m of grassed waterway. for
a slope of 0.8% and pasture, the velocity, vAC1, is about 0.2 m/s. Similarly, for grassed
waterway, the velocity, vAC2, is about 0.42 m/s.
- path CD is a grassy channel with an estimated bank-to bank average velocity, vCDe, of
0.7 m/s.
- For future conditions, a lined channel is anticipated with an estimated average bank-full
velocity, vCDf, of 1 m/s.
- path BC is about 50 m of overland flow over pasture and 351 m grassy swale. Using
Figure 5-4, for a slope of 0.6% and pasture, the velocity, vAC1, is about 0.19 m/s.
Similarly, for grassed waterway , the velocity, vAC2, is about 0.35 m/s.
There appear to be two distinct flow paths converging in the lower area. Local
zoning allows light industry in an area adjacent to the highway.
The combination of highway improvements and growth in the region make full
development of the zoned area attractive and likely within the next few years.
The drainage basin is in a given province. Find the peak discharge for the existing
drainage basin and the drainage basin assuming future development in the zoned
area. A 10 year design and 100 year check is required for the proposed culvert.
Example 6
 Example 6
Steps
1) Determine the drainage areas
2) Determine the time of concentration
3) Use the rational methods (check limitations)
4) Select coefficients for 10 and 100 year flood frequencies
5) Calculate rainfall intensity using either provided equation of
IDF curve
6) Calculate the composite runoff coefficient
7) Calculate the peak discharge

0.00032𝐿0.77
te =
𝑆 0.385
 Example 6
1) Determine the drainage areas
• Total Area = 19 ha.
• Future developed area = 5 ha
• Future undeveloped area = 14 ha
2) Determine the time of concentration
• tAC = tAC1 + tAC2 …… = (50/0.2 + 255/0.42)/60 = 14.3 min
• tCD = tCDe = 213 /0.7 x 60 = 5.1 min and tCDf = 213/1.0 x 60 = 3.6 min
• The time of travel for ACD under existing conditions (tACDe) is tACDe = 14.3 + 5.1 = 19.4
min
• The time of travel for ACD under future conditions (tACDf) is tACDf = 14.3 + 3.6 = 17.9
min
• tBC = tBC1 + tBC2 …… = (50/0.19 + 351/0.35)/60 = 21.1 min
• tBCDe = 21.1 + 5.1 = 26.2 min
• tBCDe = 21.1 + 3.6 = 24.7 min
• Note that tBCDe > tACDe and tBCDf > tACDf
3) Use the rational methods (check limitations)
Under the assumptions of the Rational Method, the longer travel time is taken as the time of
concentration. Therefore, for existing conditions the time of concentration, Te, is 26.2
minutes and , Tf, is 24.7 minutes for future conditions.
4) Select coefficients for 10 and 100 year flood frequencies
5) Calculate rainfall intensity using either provided equation of IDF curve
6) Calculate the composite runoff coefficient
7) Calculate the peak discharge
 Example 6
1) Determine the drainage areas
2) Determine the time of concentration
3) Use the rational methods (check limitations)
Because the total drainage area is less than 80 ha, no appreciable storage is indicated, and the
watershed shape is not unusual, the Rational Method may be used.
4) Select coefficients for 10 and 100 year flood frequencies
Use Hydrology document.
o e10 = 0.776 b10 = 1981 d10 = 8.6
o e100 = 0.755 b100 = 2642 d100 = 8.2
5) Calculate rainfall intensity using either provided equation of IDF curve
For existing conditions
I10 = (b/tc + 𝑑)𝑒 = (1981/26.2 + 8.6)0.776 = 126 mm/h
I100 = = (b/tc + 𝑑)𝑒 = (2642/26.2 + 8.2)0.775 = 183 mm/h
For future conditions
I10 = (b/tc + 𝑑)𝑒 = (1981/24.7 + 8.6)0.776 = 131 mm/h
I100 = = (b/tc + 𝑑)𝑒 = (2642/24.7 + 8.2)0.775 = 189 mm/h

6) Calculate the composite runoff coefficient

7) Calculate the peak discharge
 Example 6
1) Determine the drainage areas
2) Determine the time of concentration
3) Use the rational methods (check limitations)
4) Select coefficients for 10 and 100 year flood frequencies
5) Calculate rainfall intensity using either provided equation of IDF curve
6) Calculate the composite runoff coefficient
For existing conditions, the area is homogeneous with C = 0.25.
For future conditions
∑Ci Ai / ∑Ai = C1A1 + C2A2 /A1 + A2 = (0.25 x 14) + (0.6 x 6)/ (14 +5) = 0.34

7) Calculate the peak discharge

• For 10 year, Cf = 1.0. For 100 year, Cf = 1.25
• For existing conditions
Q10 = CIA = 0.25)(126)(19) / 360 = 1.66 m3 / s
Q100 = CCf IA = (0.25)(1.25)(183)(19) / 360 = 3.02 m3 / s
• For future conditions
Q10 = CIA = 0.34)(131)(19) / 360 =1.66 m3 / s
Q100 = CCf IA = (0.34)(1.25)(189)(19) / 360 = 3.02 m3 / s
 Example 7
A storm drain system y consisting
of two inlets and pipe is to be
designed using rational method. A Area 1 Area 2
Tc = 12 min Tc = 10 min
schematic of the system is shown. Area = 5 ha Area = 3 Ha
Determine the peak flow rates to C = 0.2 C = 0.3

be used in sizing the two pipes and

inlets. Rainfall intensity (mm/hr) Area 3 Inlet 1
Pipe 1 travel time = 1 min
30 Tc = 8 min
as a function of t is: 0.7 and Area = 4 Ha
(𝑡+5) C = 0.4
consider the maximum flow
velocity equal to 3 m/s. Inlet 2 Pipe 2
 Example 7 Size Inlet 2:
Flow from area C contributes then consider Tc = 8
Size Inlet 1 and pipe 1: min
Area = 4 Ha and C = 0.4
Area A and B contribute, then consider I = 30 / (8 + 5)0.7 …………. = 4.98 mm/h
largest Tc = 12 min Q = CiA /360 = 0.4 x 4.98 x 4 /360= 0.022 m3/s
Area = 5 + 3 = 8 Ha and then
C = [(5 x 0.2) + (3 x 0.3)] /8 …….. = 0.24 Size pipe 2:
I = 30 / (12 + 5)0.7 …………. = 4.13 mm/h Flow from all areas, then consider Tc = 12+1 = 13
min
A = 5+4+3 = 12 Ha
Q = CiA /360 = 0.24 x 4.13 x 8 /360……..=
C = [(5x0.2) +(4x0.4) +(3x0.3)] /12……….. C = 0.29
0.022 m3/s I = 30 / (13 + 5)0.7 …………. = 3.97 mm/h
Diam pipe 1 = Q/V= 0.022/3 …… = 0.0073 Q = CiA/360 = 0.29 x 3.97 x 12 /360= 0.0384 m3/s
πd2/4 = 0.0073
πd2 = 0.0294 Diam pipe 2 = Q/V= 0.0384/3 = 0.0128
d = √ (0.009348407) πd2/4 = Q/V…………… πd2 = 0.0128 x 4
d = 0.097 m ~ 97 mm πd2 = 0.0512
d = √ (4 x 13.8) / (π x 3)
Chart can also be used (Q and V as d = 0.128 m ~ 128 mm
inputs)
 Practical ways of designing
➢ In practice, the design can be done using either simple calculation or calculation spreadsheet
➢ The calculations performed are the same except that results are placed in a table for the tabular
spreadsheet
➢ Depending on the information provided, a theoretical design can be done using the procedures below
✓ Demarcate the drainage area
✓ Determine the size of the drainage
✓ Assign the impermeability coefficient to each drainage area
✓ Calculate Tc as = te + tf
✓ Determine I using equation or IDF curve
✓ Determine Q using rational method formula
✓ Knowing elevation at each MH & discharge point and length of sewers, calculate H difference
✓ Knowing H, then calculate the slope (S = H/L)
✓ Determine the pipe diameter – Can use Manning equation to deduce D or graph - then change the calculated
diameter to the commercially available pipe size
✓ Calculate Vf (velocity when flowing full)
✓ Calculate Qf …………..Q/Qf ---
✓ Calculate V (partially full velocity)
 Practical ways of designing
➢ Depending on the information provided,
➢ A tabulated spreadsheet can be as shown below

Location Area (ha) Flow time Design flows Sewer design

Length of sewer (m) 4

(min)

Unit rate of runoff 9

(m3/ha.d)
Line 1

From To Increment 5 Cum. Total To upper In Cum. Cum. Pipe Slope Full Full
MH MH 6 end 7 section 8 Flow Flow diam (m/m) capacity velocity
2 3 4:15/60 (m3/d) (m3/s) (mm) 13 (m3/s) (m/s)
10 11 12 14 15

1 x 1

2 1 2

3 2 3

Plan 10/86400 Manning

Given or 7+8 6x9 Use nomograph Qf=VA
1
measured 𝑣=
𝑛
2/3 1/2
𝑚 𝑖

Column 8: work out first column 7 and use values

obtained to compute 8)

Column 15: use Manning equation…v obtained to be used

to determine Qf (column 14)
 Tabulated calculation example
Calculation table S4
Location Area (ha) Flow time C I Design Sewer design
Flow

Length of sewer (m) 4

(min) (mm/h)
(m3/s)

Line 1 From To Increment Cum. To upper In 9 10 11 Pipe Slope Full Full

MH MH 5 Total 6 end 7 section diam (m/m) capacity velocity
2 3 8 (mm) 13 (m3/s) (m/s)
4:15/60 12 14 15

1 x 1
Column 8: work out first column 7 and use values
2 1 2 obtained to compute 8)

3 2 3

Plan Given or 7+8 Use IDF Use Qf=VA Manning

or Q= 1
measured nomograph or 𝑣=𝑛
equation CIA/360
chart 𝑚2/3 𝑖 1/2

Column 15: use Manning equation…v obtained to be used

to determine Qf (column 14)