To determine the standard enthalpy change of formation of methanol from the given
combustion reactions, we can use Hess's Law.
Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is the same, no matter
how it is carried out, in one step or several steps.
Given Reactions:
1. Combustion of Carbon:
C(s)+O2(g)→CO2(g)ΔHc∘=−394 kJ/mol\text{C(s)} + \text{O}_2(\text{g})
\rightarrow \text{CO}_2(\text{g}) \quad \Delta H_c^\circ = -394 \text{
kJ/mol}C(s)+O2(g)→CO2(g)ΔHc∘=−394 kJ/mol
2. Combustion of Hydrogen:
H2(g)+12O2(g)→H2O(l)ΔHc∘=−286 kJ/mol\text{H}_2(\text{g}) +
\frac{1}{2}\text{O}_2(\text{g}) \rightarrow \text{H}_2\text{O(l)} \quad \Delta
H_c^\circ = -286 \text{ kJ/mol}H2(g)+21O2(g)→H2O(l)ΔHc∘=−286 kJ/mol
3. Combustion of Methanol:
CH3OH(l)+32O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(l)ΔHc∘=−726 kJ/mol\text{CH}_3\text{OH(l)}
+ \frac{3}{2}\text{O}_2(\text{g}) \rightarrow \text{CO}_2(\text{g}) +
2\text{H}_2\text{O(l)} \quad \Delta H_c^\circ = -726 \text{ kJ/mol}CH3OH(l)+23
O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(l)ΔHc∘=−726 kJ/mol
Target Reaction:
To find the standard enthalpy of formation for methanol
(CH3OH(l)\text{CH}_3\text{OH(l)}CH3OH(l)), we need to construct the formation reaction
from its elements in their standard states:
C(s)+2H2(g)+12O2(g)→CH3OH(l)\text{C(s)} + 2\text{H}_2(\text{g}) +
\frac{1}{2}\text{O}_2(\text{g}) \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{OH(l)}C(s)+2H2(g)+21O2
(g)→CH3OH(l)
Using Hess's Law:
1. Reverse the combustion of methanol reaction to form methanol from CO2_22 and
H2_22O, which changes the sign of the enthalpy:
CO2(g)+2H2O(l)→CH3OH(l)+32O2(g)ΔH=+726 kJ/mol\text{CO}_2(\text{g}) +
2\text{H}_2\text{O(l)} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{OH(l)} +
\frac{3}{2}\text{O}_2(\text{g}) \quad \Delta H = +726 \text{ kJ/mol}CO2(g)+2H2
O(l)→CH3OH(l)+23O2(g)ΔH=+726 kJ/mol
2. Add the combustion of carbon to form CO2_22:
C(s)+O2(g)→CO2(g)ΔH=−394 kJ/mol\text{C(s)} + \text{O}_2(\text{g}) \rightarrow
\text{CO}_2(\text{g}) \quad \Delta H = -394 \text{ kJ/mol}C(s)+O2(g)→CO2
(g)ΔH=−394 kJ/mol
3. Add twice the combustion of hydrogen to form water:
2(H2(g)+12O2(g)→H2O(l))ΔH=2×(−286)=−572 kJ/mol2\left(\text{H}_2(\text{g}) +
\frac{1}{2}\text{O}_2(\text{g}) \rightarrow \text{H}_2\text{O(l)}\right) \quad
\Delta H = 2 \times (-286) = -572 \text{ kJ/mol}2(H2(g)+21O2(g)→H2
O(l))ΔH=2×(−286)=−572 kJ/mol
Sum of Enthalpy Changes:
Adding these equations together, the oxygen molecules cancel out, and we get:
C(s)+2H2(g)+12O2(g)→CH3OH(l)\text{C(s)} + 2\text{H}_2(\text{g}) +
\frac{1}{2}\text{O}_2(\text{g}) \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{OH(l)}C(s)+2H2(g)+21O2
(g)→CH3OH(l)
The enthalpy change for the formation of methanol is:
ΔHf∘=(−394)+(−572)+(726)=−240 kJ/mol\Delta H_f^\circ = (-394) + (-572) + (726) = -240
\text{ kJ/mol}ΔHf∘=(−394)+(−572)+(726)=−240 kJ/mol
Correct Expression:
From the given options, the correct expression that represents the calculation is A:
−394+(−286)−(−726)\boxed{-394 + (-286) - (-726)}−394+(−286)−(−726)
Correct Answer:
Therefore, the answer is A.
