RAMNANI CLASSES Motion

Introduction irrespective of the direction in which the body

A tree is fixed at a place, so we say that it is stationary moves.
on the otherhand, a man, animals, etc do not remain The S.I. unit of distance is metre (m) and C.G.S.
stationary all the time. They can move from one place unit is cm.
to another. The movement of a body. (or object) is (i) Displacement :- When a body moves from one po-
called motion. A common characteristic of all the sition to another, the shortest (straight line) dis-
moving bodies is that they change their position with tance between the initial position and final position
time. of the body, alongwith direction, is known as its
Describing Motion :- displacement.
To describe the motion of an object its position, veloc- The S.I. unit of distance is metre (m) and C.G.S.
ity etc are measured. When we measure the distance unit is cm. Displacement is a vector quantity.
of an object, then it is measured from some fixed point ACTIVITY
known as the reference point. AIM :- To show that the displacement of an object
A fixed point or a fixed object with respect is less than the distance traveled by the object.
to which the given body change its position is Procedure :-
known as reference point or origin. 1. Ask a boy to go from corner A to Corner C via cor-
Motion is a relative term :- When we say that a body ner B of a badminton court.
or an object is in motion, then it is essential to see 2. Measure the distance AB and BC with a measuring
whether the body or object changed it position with tape.
respect to other bodies or objects around it or with re- Therefore, distance traveled by the boy = l1 + l2
spect to any fixed point known as reference point. For 3. Mow measure the distance between A and C = AC
example, when a bus moves on a road, then the bus as (which is the displacement of the boy) It is found
well as the passengers sitting in it change their posi- that (l1 + l2) > AC
tions with respect to a person standing on the road Inference :- The displacement of an object is less than
side. So, the bus and the passengers sitting in the bus the distance travelled by the object.
do not change their positions with respect to each Uniform motion and Non-uniform motion :- A body
other. It means, the passengers sitting in a moving bus has a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in
are not in motion with respect to each other. equal intervals of time, no matter how small these time
We find that an object is in motion only if it intervals may be. For example, will cover equal dis-
changes its position (or moves) with respect to a fixed tances of 15 metres every second, so its motion will be
point or a fixed body, therefore, a body or an object is uniform.
in motion with respect to one thing but the same body D C

or an object may not be in motion with respect to an-

other thing. Thus, motion is a relative term.
Motion along a straight line :- In this case, the start-
ing point of the line is taken as the origin ‘0’ or the A B

reference point. The position of the moving object The distance-time graph for uniform motion is a
changes with time. The different positions of the ob- straight line. (see Fig.)
ject measured to the right side from the reference Non-uniform motion :- A body has a non-uniform
point or origin 0 are shown in Fig. motion if it travels unequal distances in equal intervals
0 2Km 4Km 6Km 8 Km 10 Km
of time. For example, if we drop a ball from the roof
of a house, we will find that it covers unequal dis-
Distance and displacement :- tances in equal intervals of time. It covers 4.9 metres
(i) Distance :- The distance traveled by a body is the in the first second, 14.7 metres in the 2nd second, 24.5
actual length of the path covered by a moving body metres in the third second and so on. Therefore, the

ADD-ORCHID’S SCHOOL ROXY TALKIES ROAD, I-167 VIJAYA NAGAR EXTN. MOB. 9806075600, 7987910043 pg. 1
motion of a freely falling is an example of non-uni- Example of instantaneous speed :- Speedometer of a car,
form motion. The motion of a train starting from the aeroplane, bus, etc.
railway station is also an example of non-uniform mo- Velocity :-
tion. Velocity is a body is the distance travelled by it per
The distance-time graph for a body having non-uni- unit time in a given direction. In other words: Velocity
form motion is a curved line. (see Fig.) of a body is it speed in a specified direction.
Y Y A Distance travelled in a given direction
A
Uniform motion Non-Uniform Velocity = Time taken
Dis-
tanc
Dis-
tanc
motion
If a body travels a distance ‘s’ in time ‘t’ in a given di-
e e rection, then its velocity ‘v’ is given by
s
O X O X v=
Time Time t
The distance-time graph for a body hav- The distance-time graph for a body hav-
ing uniform motion in a straight line. ing non-uniform motion in a curved line. Where v = velocity of the body
Measuring the rate of motion s = distance traveled (in the given direction)
Distance traveled by a moving body in (one second) and t = time taken (to travel that distance)
unit time is called speed The unit of velocity is the same as that of speed,
distance travelled namely, metres per second (m/s or ms–1).
Speed = time taken Uniform Velocity (or Constant Velocity) :- A body
The S.I. units of speed in ms–1. The smaller values of has a uniform velocity if it travels in a straight line
speed are expressed in cm s–1 and larger values o speed and moves over equal distances in equal intervals of
are expressed in km h–1. time, no matter how small these time intervals may be.
Uniform speed :- The speed of a body is said to Variable Velocity :- If the body in particular direction
be uniform if it covers equal distances in equal inter- does not travel equal distances in equal intervals of
vals of time however small these intervals may be. time, then the velocity is said to be variable.
Examples of uniform speed :- Tie a piece of stone to one end of a piece of string
(i) The movement of the earth about its axis. and hold the free and in your hand. Swirl the stone
(ii) The movement of watch hands. about you in a horizontal circle, the length of the
(iii) A gas molecule is in uniform motion between col- string forms the radius of the circle.
lisions. Now the stone will be travelling along the circum-
Non-uniform speed :- The speed of a body is said to ference of the circle such that it covers equal distances
be non-uniform if it covers unequal distances in equal in equal intervals of time. Thus, the magnitude of the
intervals of time or equal distances in unequal inter- velocity is constant, but the direction is continually
vals of time, however small these intervals may be. changing. Hence the velocity of the stone here too is
Examples of uniform speed :- changing.
(i) A train pulling out of a station covers larger and We can, therefore, say that the speed of the stone
larger distances in equal time intervals. Conversely, in motion is constant but its velocity is variable.
when it approaches a station it covers smaller and Average velocity :- The ratio of the total displace-
smaller distances in equal time intervals. ment to the total time taken is called average velocity.
(ii) A skater taking part in a contest covers equal dis- displacement
tances in different time intervals. Average Velocity = total travel time
Average speed :- The average distance covered In case the velocity of the object is changing at a
by a body per unit time when the body is moving with uniform rate, then average velocity is given by the
non-uniform speed is known as average speed. arithmetic mean of initial velocity and final velocity
total distance travelled for a given period of time.
Average speed = total time taken initial velocity +final velocity
Instantaneous speed :- If the speed of a body con- Average Velocity = 2
stantly changes with time, then the speed at a particu- Mathematically,
lar instant during the motion is called instantaneous Where vav is the average velocity, v is the initial veloc-
speed. ity and v is the final velocity of the object.
Rate of change of velocity :-

ADD-ORCHID’S SCHOOL ROXY TALKIES ROAD, I-167 VIJAYA NAGAR EXTN. MOB. 9806075600, 7987910043 pg. 2
Acceleration :- Acceleration of a body is defined as 1. Sit in a veranda of a house when thunder and lightning
the rate of change of its velocity with time. are taking place.
Change in velocity 2. Start the stop watch as soon as lightning is seen.
Acceleration = Time taken to make the change 3. Stop the watch as soon as sound of thunder is
Final velocity −Initial velocity heard.
Acceleration = Time taken 4. Note the time interval between lightning and sound
Suppose the initial velocity of a body is u and it of thunder. Let it be t (say seconds).
changes to a final velocity in time t, then Calculations :- Distance of the nearest point of light-
v−u ning
a=
Acceleration, t s = Speed of sound in air 
Where a = acceleration of the body time
v = Final velocity of the body = 346 ms–1  35 = 1038 m
u = Initial velocity of the body
and t = Time taken for the change in veloc-
ity
The S.I. unit of acceleration is metres per second or Result :-
metres per second square which is written as m/s2 or ms–2. The distance (approximately) of the nearest point of
Acceleration is a vector quantity. lightning = 1038 m.
Uniform acceleration :- A body has uniform acceler- Graphical representation of Motion :-
ation I it travels in a straight line and its velocity in- 1. Distance-time graphs :- When a body moves with
creases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time. In uniform speed, it will travel equal distances in
other words, a body has a uniform acceleration if its equal intervals of time. In other words, the distance
velocity changes at a uniform rate. traveled is directly proportional to time. Thus, for
Examples :- uniform speed, a graph of distance traveled against
(i) The motion of a freely falling body is an example time will be a straight line as shown by line OA in
of uniformly accelerated motion. fig.
(ii) The motion of a bicycle going down the slope of a
Y Y
road when the rider is not pedaling and wind resis- A
A

tance is negligible, is also an example of uniformly Uniform speed Non-Uniform

Dis- Dis- speed
accelerated motion. tanc tanc
The velocity-time graph of a body having uni- e e

formly accelerated motion is a straight line.

O Time X O Time X
Non-uniform Acceleration :- A body has a non-uni- Distance-time graph for uniform speed Distance-time graph for non-uniform
form acceleration if the velocity increases by unequal speed
amounts in equal intervals of time. In other words, a The slope of a distance-time graph indicates speed.
body has a non-uniform acceleration if its velocity If the speed of a body is non-uniform, then the graph
changes at a non-uniform rate. between distance traveled and time is a curved line.
The velocity-time graph of a body having non- Thus,
uniform accelerated is a curved line. (i) If the distance-time graph of a body is a straight
Example : When a railway train goes from one station line, then its speed is uniform.
to the next, the acceleration of the train is variable. (ii) If the distance-time graph of a body is a curved
Retardation (or Deceleration or Negative Accelera- line, then its speed is non-uniform.
tion) :- Negative acceleration is the rate of decrease of Speed-Time Graph when the Initial Speed of the
velocity. It is sometime called deceleration or retar- body is not zero
dation. Fig. shows the speed-time graph of a body having an
ACTIVITY initial speed equal to OB and then accelerating from B
AIM :- To measure the distance (approximately) of to C. In order to calculate the value of acceleration
the nearest point of lightning. Take speed of sound from such a graph, we will have to subtract the initial
in air = 346 ms–1. speed (OB) from the final speed (QAC), and then di-
Procedure :- vide it by time (OA).

ADD-ORCHID’S SCHOOL ROXY TALKIES ROAD, I-167 VIJAYA NAGAR EXTN. MOB. 9806075600, 7987910043 pg. 3
 In such cases also, the distance traveled by the
body in a given time is equal to the area between the
speed-time graph and the C
Uniform acceleration
time axis. For example, in
this case the distance traveled Spe Velocity-time graph for uniform acceleration :- For
ed
by the body in time OA, will a body having uniform acceleration, the increase in
be equal to the area of the fig. velocity is proportional to the time taken. So velocity-
B
OBCA under the speed-time time graph is a straight line inclined to the time-axis,
graph BC. Now, the figure as shown in Fig.
O Time A
OBCA has two parallel sides Speed-time graph of a body
Velocity-time graph for variable acceleration :- For a
OB and AC and such a figure when its initial speed is not zero body having variable acceleration, the velocity increases
is known as a trapezium. by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time So veloc-
Thus, the distance traveled by the body ity-time graph is a curve, as shown in Fig.
in this case is equal to the area of Equation of Motion by Graphical method
trapezium OBCA. Now, (i) Equation for velocity-time relation :
Area of trapezium To derive v = u + at. Consider the velocity-time graph
Sum of two parallel sides ×Height of a body. The body has an initial velocity u at a point
= 2 A and then its velocity changes at a uniform rate from
Here, sum of parallel sides is OB + C and height is A to B in time t. In other words, there is a uniform ac-
OA (see Fig.) celeration ‘a’ from A to B and after time t, its final ve-
(OB+ AC )×OA locity becomes v which is equal to B in the graph. The
So, Distance traveled = 2 time t is represented by OC. To complete the figure,
We will now discuss the speed-time graph of a body we draw perpendicular CB from C and draw AB par-
whose speed does not change at a uniform rate, that is, allel to OC. BE is the perpendicular from B to OE.
when the acceleration of the body is non-uniform. Now, initial velocity of the body u = OA
(iii) Speed-Time Graph when Speed Changes at ...(i)
a Non-uniform rate (Non-uniform Acceleration) Final velocity of the body v = BC
When the speed of a body changes in an irregular …(ii)
manner, then the speed-time graph of the body is a But from the graph BC = BD + DC
curved line (as shown by the line OA in Fig.) Even Therefore v = BD + DC ...(iii)
now, the distance traveled by the body is given bye the Again DC = OA
area between the speed-time curve and the time axis. Therefore v = BD + OA
Y A Now, from eq. (i), OA = u
Non-Uniform Therefore v = u + BD …(iv)
Dis-
tanc
speed
Acceleration a = Slope of the line AB
e BD
= AD
O Time
Distance-time graph for non-uniform But AD = OC = t, so putting it in place of AD,
speed BD
Velocity-time graphs :- The variation in velocity with we get a = t or BD = at
time for an object moving in a straight line can be rep- Putting the value of BD in eq. (iv), we get
resented by a velocity-time graph. In this graph time is v = u + at
represented along the x-axis and the velocity is repre- E B
sented along the y-axis. If the object moves at uniform
Ve-
velocity, the height of its velocity-time graph will not loc-
change with time. It will be a straight line parallel to ity(v V
)
the x-axis. [Fig.] A
u
O Time(t) C
Velocity-time graph
Ve- Ve-
Ve-
loc- loc-
loc-
ity ity
ity
ADD-ORCHID’S SCHOOL ROXY TALKIES ROAD, I-167 VIJAYA NAGAR EXTN. MOB. 9806075600, 7987910043 pg. 4
O Time O Time O Time
(ii) Equation for position-time relation :- 5. The motion of the hammer before the athlete
1 throws it.
s=ut + at 2
To derive : 2 . Suppose the body travels a 6. The motion of a satellite around the earth.
distance s in time t. The distance traveled by the body 7. A stone tied at one end of the string and whirled
is given by the area of the space between the velocity- above the head of a person in circular path.
time graph AB and time axis OC, which is equal to the Uniform circular motion
area of the figure OABC (Fig.). Thus, The circular motion of a body having uniform or con-
Distance traveled = Area of figure OABC stant speed is known as uniform circular motion.
= Area of rectangle OADC + Area of Direction of motion of a body moving in a circular
triangle ABD path at any instant is along a tangent to the position of
Area of rectangle OADC = OA  OC = u  t the body on the circular path at that instant of time.
1 ACTIVITY
׿ ¿
Area of triangle ABD = 2 Area of rectangle AIM :- To show that the direction of motion of a
AEBD body moving in a circular path is different at differ-
1 1 1 ent positions of the circular path.
×AD×BD= ×t×at= at 2
= 2 2 2 Procedure :-
Distance travelled, s = Area of rectangle OADC + Area of 1. Take a small stone and tie it with one end of a
1 strong thread.
s=ut + at 2
triangle ABD 2 . 2. Now, move the stone in a circular path by holding
the other end of the thread in your hand.
(iii) Equation for position-velocity relation :- 3. Leave the thread, when the stone is at position A on
s = Distance covered by the body in time t the circular path.
= Area of the trapezium OACD 4. You will find that the stone moves in a straight
1 line which is the tangent to the position A on the
s= (OA×CD )×OD
2 circular path.
1 5. Again, move the stone in the circular path and
s= (u+v )×t Ve-
2 loc-
leave the thread, when stone is at position B.
ity N
Now v=u+at
A 6. Again, you will find that the stone moves in a
B
 v−u=at straight line which is the tangent to the position B
D
v−u O Time
on the circular path.
t= Velocity-time graph
a 7. Repeat the activity and leave the thread, when the
Putting this value of t in eq. (i), we get stone is at different positions on the circular path.
1
s= (u+v )×
2 ( )
u−v
a
Conclusion :- The direction of motion of a body moving
in a circular path is always along the tangent to a
(u+ v )(u−v ) point on the circular path. Thus the direction of mo-
s=
or 2a tion of a body moving in a circular path is different at
or 2 as=u2 −u2 different positions of the circular path.
or v 2−u 2=2 as
or
Circular Motion
v 2=u 2 +2 as
NCERT Exercise
The motion o a body moving around a fixed point in a
circular path is known as circular motion. Q. An object has moved through a distance. Can it
Examples of circular motion have zero displacement? If yes, support your an-
1. The motion of the blades of an electric fan around swer with an example.
the axle. A. Yes, an object can have zero displacement even
2. The motion of the moon around the earth. when it has moved through a distance. This happens
3. The motion of an electron around the nucleus of when final position of the object coincides with its
an atom. initial position. For example, in going from home to
4. The motion of planets around the sun is also ap- school and coming back to home, some distance is
proximately circular motion. travelled but displacement is zero.

ADD-ORCHID’S SCHOOL ROXY TALKIES ROAD, I-167 VIJAYA NAGAR EXTN. MOB. 9806075600, 7987910043 pg. 5
Q. A farmer moves along the boundary of a square Q. During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship
field of side 10m in 40s. What will be the magni- reached the ground station in five minutes. What
tude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 was the distance of the spaceship from the ground
minutes 20 seconds? station? The signal travels at the speed of light,
A. In Figure, that is, 3×108 m/s.
A. Here, time taken, t = 5 min = 5×60s = 300s,
Speed of signal,  = 3×108 m/s
Distance of spaceship, s = ?
Clearly, s=υ×t=( 3×10 ) ×300=9×10 m
8 10

ABCD is a square field of side 10m. Q. When will you say a body is in (i) uniform accel-
Time for one round = 40 s, eration? (ii) non-uniform acceleration?
Total time = 2 min 20 s = (2× 60 + 20)s = 140s A. (i) A body is said to be in uniform acceleration,
140 when velocity of the body changes by equal amounts
=3 .5
Number of round completed = 40 in equal intervals of time. For example, motion of a
If farmer starts from A, he will complete 3 round (A body failing freely under gravity.
 B  C  D  A) at A. In the last 0.5 round (ii) A body is said to be in non-uniform acceleration,
starting from A, he will finish at C. when velocity of the body changes by unequal
amount in equal intervals of time. For example, mo-
Displacement = ⃗
AC , where AC= √ AB2 +BC 2 tion of a car on a highway through city limits.
= √102 +102 =10 √2 m Q. A bus decreases its speed from 80 km/h to 60
Q. Which of the following is true for displacement? km/h in 5s. Find the acceleration of the bus.
(a) It cannot be zero. A. Here,
(b) its magnitude is greater than the distance 80×1000m
=22 . 22m/s
travelled by the object. Initial speed, u = 80 km/h = 60×60s
A. (a) Displacement can be zero. The statement is not 60×1000m
υ=60 km/h= =16 .66 m/s
true. Final speed, 60×60s
(b) Magnitude of displacement is never greater than Time taken, t = 5s
the distance travelled by the object. The state- acceleration,
ment is not true. υ−u 16 .66−22 .22 −5. 56
a= = = =−1 . 11m/s2
Q. Distinguish between speed and velocity. t 5 5
A. Velocity is speed in a particular direction. Speed is Negative sign is for retardation.
scalar, but velocity is vector. Q. A train starting from a railway station and mov-
Q. Under what conditions(s) is the magnitude of av- ing with uniform acceleration attains a speed 40
erage velocity of an object equal to its average km/h in 10 minutes. Find its acceleration.
speed? A. Here, initial speed, u = 0
A. When a body moves along a straight line, the magni- 40×1000
=11.11 m/s
tude of average velocity of an object is equal to its final speed,  = 40 km h = 60×60
-1

average speed. time taken, t=10 min=10×60s=600 s

Q. What does the odometer of an automobile mea- υ−u 11.11−0
a= = =1 .85×10−2 m/s2
sure? Acceleration, t 600
A. The odometer of an automobile measures the dis- Q. What is the nature of the distance-time graphs for
tance travelled by the vehicle. uniform and non-uniform motion of an object?
Q. What does the path of an object look like when it A. When the motion is uniform, the distance-time graph
is in uniform motion? is a straight line with some slope.
A. In uniform motion, the path of an object can be a When the motion is non-uniform, the distance time
straight line, curved line, zig-zag line, or even a cir- graph is not a straight line. It can be any curve.
cle. It can have any shape. This is because in uniform Q. What can you say about the motion of an object
motion, speed is constant. The direction of motion whose distance-time graph is a straight line paral-
may change. lel to the time axis?

ADD-ORCHID’S SCHOOL ROXY TALKIES ROAD, I-167 VIJAYA NAGAR EXTN. MOB. 9806075600, 7987910043 pg. 6
A. When distance-time graph of an object is a straight Q. A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 m/s 2.
line parallel to the time axis, distance of the object at What distance will it cover in 10 s after start?
every instant of time is the same. Therefore, the ob- A. Here, acceleration a = 4 cm/s-2,
ject must be stationary. Time taken, t = 10 s
Q. What can you say about the motion of an object if Initial velocity, u = 0,
its speed-time graph is a straight line parallel to Distance, s=?
the time axis? 1 2 1
s=ut+ at s=0×10+ ×4 ( 10 )2 =200
A. When speed-time graph of a body is a straight line From 2 , 2 m
parallel to the time axis, speed of the body at every Q. A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction
instant of time is the same. It means the body is mov- with a velocity of 5 m/s. If the acceleration of the
ing with a uniform speed. There is no acceleration, stone during its motion is 10 m/s 2 in the down-
whatsoever. ward direction, what will be the height attained
Q. What is the quantity which is measured by the by the stone and how much time will it take to
area occupied below the velocity-time graph? reach there?
A. Area occupied below the velocity-time graph is a A. Here,
measure of the distance travelled by the body or dis- Initial velocity, u = 5 m/s
placement of the body.
Q. A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform ac- Acceleration, a=−10 m/s 2
celeration of 0.1 m/s2 for 2 minutes. Find (a) the
(In upward journey, acceleration is negative as the
speed acquired, (b) the distance travelled.
2 motion is retarded due to gravity).
A. Here, u=0 , a=0. 1 m/s , t=2 min= 2×60s=120 s
Height attained = distance travelled, s = ?,
Speed acquired,  = ?
Distance travelled, s = ? time taken, t = ?

(a) From υ=u+ at , υ=0+0.1×120=12 m/s final velocity at highest point,  = 0

1
s=ut + at 2 υ2 −u2 0− (5 )2
(b) From 2 , υ 2−u 2=2as , s= = =1 .25 m
from 2a 2 (−10 )
1
s=0×120+ ×0 . 1(120)2 =7 . 2×102 m
2 υ−u 0−5
υ=u+ at , t = = =0 . 5 s
Q. A train is travelling at a speed of 90 km/h. Brakes from a −10
are applied so as to produce a uniform accelera- Q. An athlete completes one round of a circular
tion of -0.5 m/s2. Find how far the train will go be- track of diameter 200m in 40 s. What will be the
fore it is brought to rest. distance covered and the displacement at the end
A. Here, initial speed, u = 90 km h-1 of 2 minutes 20 s?
90×1000 m A. As shown in figure, diameter of circular track,
=25 m/s
= 60×60 s AB =200m
Acceleration, a = - 0.5 m/s2, final velocity,  = 0,
Distance travelled, s = ?
υ 2−u 2 0−( 25 )2
υ 2−u 2=2as , s= = =625m
From 2a 2×(−0 . 5 )
Q. A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has
an acceleration of 2 cm/s2 starting from rest,
What will be its velocity 3 s after the start? Total time = 2 min 20 s = (2 × 60 + 20) s = 140 s
A. Here, acceleration a = 2 cm/s2, 140
=3 .5
Time taken, t=3s Number of rounds completed = 40
Initial velocity, u = 0, Distance covered = 2  r × 3.5
Final velocity,  = ? = 2 ×(22/7)×(200/2)×3.5 m = 2200m
From  = u + at, υ=0+2×3=6 cm/s If the athlete starts from A, on completion of 3.5
rounds, he will be at B.

ADD-ORCHID’S SCHOOL ROXY TALKIES ROAD, I-167 VIJAYA NAGAR EXTN. MOB. 9806075600, 7987910043 pg. 7
 Thus,
⃗
displacement = AB=200m ( in magnitude )
total distance 2 x
= =24 km/h
Q. Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of Average speed = total time x/12
a straight 300m road in 2 minutes 30 seconds and Q. A motorboat starting from rest on a lake acceler-
then turns around and jogs 100m back to point c ates in a straight line at a constant rate of 3.0 m/s 2
in another 1 minute. What are Joseph’s average for 8.0 s. How far does the boat travel during this
speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from A to B time?
and (b) from A to C? A. Here, Initial velocity, u = 0,
A. acceleration a = 3.0 m/s2,
time, t = 8.0 s
distance travelled, s = ?
1 1
s=ut + at 2 , s=0×8+ ×3 . 0 ( 8 .0 )2=96 m
From 2 2
Time taken in jogging from A to B = t1 = 2 min 30 s
= (2× 60 + 30)s = 150 s Q. A driver of a car travelling at 52 km/h applies the
BC = 100m brakes and accelerates uniformly in the opposite
Time taken in jogging from B to C, t2 = 1 min = 60 s direction. The car stops in 5s. Another driver go-
(a) From A to Be ing at 34 km/h in another car applies his brakes
slowly and stops in 10s. On the same graph paper,
total distance 300 m
Average speed= = =2.0 m/s plot the speed versus time graphs for the two cars.
total time 150 s
Which of the two cars travelled farther after the
brakes were applied?
displacement ( ⃗
AB ) 300m 52km
Average speed= = =2. 0 m/s u=
time 150s st
A. Here, initial speed of 1 car, h
(b) From A to C 52×1000m
=14 . 4 m/s
= 60×60s
total distance AB+BC final speed,  = 0, time taken, t = 5 s
Average speed= =
total time t 1 +t 2
final speed−intitial speed 2
( 300+100 ) m 400
= =
( 150+ 60 ) s 210
m/s=1. 9 m/s acceleration = time taken
0−14 . 4
displacement ( ⃗
AC ) ( 300−100 ) m = =−2. 88 m/s
Average speed= = 5
time ( 150+60 ) s
Negative sign is for retardation.
200
= m/s=0 .95 m/s Similarly, for second car,
210
34km 34×1000m
Q. Abdul, while driving to school, computes the av- u= = =9 . 4 m/s
h 60×60s , υ=0; t=10 s
erage speed for his trip to be 20 km h-1. On his re-
υ−u 0−9 . 4
turn trip along the same route, there is less traffic = =−0 . 94 m/s2
Acceleration = t 10
and the average speed is 30 km h -1. What is the
Negative sign shows retardation.
average speed of Abdul’s trip?
To plot the speed-time graph, we take time along X-
A. Let the school be at a distance of x km. If t1 is time
axis and speed along Y-axis. Take a point A on Y-
taken to reach the school, then
axis to represent a seed of 14.4 m/s and take a point
distance x
t 1= = B on X-axis to represent a time of 5 second. Join A,
average speed 20 B This is the speed-time graph for the 1st car,
If t2 is time taken to reach back, then
distance x
t 2= =
average speed 30

total time,
t=t 1 +t 2=
x x
+ =x
20 40
+
[
1 1 5x x
= =
20 30 60 12 ]
total distance = x + x=2 x

ADD-ORCHID’S SCHOOL ROXY TALKIES ROAD, I-167 VIJAYA NAGAR EXTN. MOB. 9806075600, 7987910043 pg. 8
 (b) for meeting at any point on the road, the respec-
tive distance and time values must be same for all the
three objects at the point. As the three lines do not
Again, take a point c on Y-axis to represent a speed meet at a single point, the three objects never meet
of 9.4 m/s and a point D on X-axis to represent a on the road.
time of 10 second. Join C, D. This is the speed time (c) As is clear from figure, B passes A at D. At this
graph for the second car, time, C is at E, which corresponds to 7 km. Hence
As distance travelled = area enclosed between the when B crosses A, then C is at 7 km from the origin.
speed-time graph and the time axis, therefore, dis- (d) B crossed C at F at a distance of 4.5 km from the
tance travelled by the first car before it stops, origin.
i.e., s1 =area of ΔOAB Q. A ball is gently dropped from a height of 20m. If
OA×OB 14 . 4×5 its velocity increases uniformly at the rate of 10
= = =36 m
2 2 m/s2, with what velocity will it strike the ground?
Distance travelled by second car before it stops = After what time will it strike the ground?
area of ∆COD A. Here, Height = distance = s= 20m,
OC×OD 9 . 4×10 Acceleration, a = 10 m/s2
= = =47 m
2 2 final velocity,  = ?
Obviously, the second car (Car II) travelled farther time, taken, t = ?
after the brakes were applied. As the ball is gently dropped, its initial velocity, u =
Q. Figure shows the distance-time graph of three ob- 0
jects A, B and C. Study the graph and answer the υ 2−u 2=2as ,
from
following questions:
(a) Which of the three is travelling the fastest? υ 2=u 2 +2 as=0+2 ( 10 ) ×20=400
(b) Are all three ever at the same point on the √
or υ= 400=20 m/s
road?
This is the velocity with which the ball will hit the
(c) How far has C travelled when B passes A?
ground.
(d) How far has B travelled by the time it passes 20
C? t= =2 s
From υ=u+ at , 20=0+10 t or 10
A. (a) As slope of distance-time graph represents speed
Q. The speed-time graph for a car is shown figure.
of an object, therefore, as is clear from Figure, B has
maximum speed, i.e., the object B moves the fastest.

ADD-ORCHID’S SCHOOL ROXY TALKIES ROAD, I-167 VIJAYA NAGAR EXTN. MOB. 9806075600, 7987910043 pg. 9
 (a) Find how far does the car travel in the first 4 Q. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit
seconds. Shade the area on the graph that repre- of radius 42250 km. Calculate its speed if it takes
sents the distance travelled by the car during this 24 hours to revolve around the Earth.
period. A. Here, r=42250 km , t=24 h ; speed, v = ?
(b) Which part of the graph represents uniform 2πr
motion of the car υ=
From t ,
A. (a) From the speed time graph shown in figure, we 22 42250
find that speed of the body goes on increasing from t υ=2× × =1 . 1×104 km/h
7 24
= 0 to t = 6s. As the speed time graph is not a straight
1 .106×104
line, therefore, acceleration of the body is not uni- = =3 . 06 km/s
60×60 s
form.
The distance travelled by the car in the first four sec-
ond is given by the area enclosed by the speed time
graph and X-axis from t = 0 to t = 4s. This has been
lightly shaded in the graph.
To calculate the distance, in such cases, we actually
count the number of squares in the shaded portion of
the graph. It comes out to be 320.5 squares. As one
1
t= s
square on X-axis represent 6 and one square on
1
υ= m/ s
Y-axis represents 3 , therefore, area of the
1 1 1
υ×t= × = m
each square = 3 6 18 .
1
Total area of 320.5 square = 320.5 × 18 m = 17.80m
This is the distance travelled by the car in first four
seconds.
(b) In uniform motion, speed of the body becomes
constant. The portion of the graph from t = 6s to t
= 10 s represents uniform motion of the car.
Q. State which of the following situations are possi-
ble and give an example for each of these:
(a) a body with a constant acceleration but with
zero velocity
(b) an object moving in a certain direction with
an acceleration in the perpendicular direction.
A. (a) A body with a constant acceleration but with
zero velocity is possible. For example, when a body
is just released, its initial vel. u = 0, but acceleration
a = g 10 m/s2.
(b) This situation is possible. For example, when a
body is moving uniformly in a circle, it has cen-
tripetal acceleration directed towards the centre of
the circle. The velocity at any instant is along the
tangent to the circle at that instant and acceleration is
along the radius of the circle perpendicular to the
tangent.

ADD-ORCHID’S SCHOOL ROXY TALKIES ROAD, I-167 VIJAYA NAGAR EXTN. MOB. 9806075600, 7987910043 pg. 10