Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

Example 16. Analysis on progressive collapse

In this lesson you will learn how to:

– carry out analysis of structure in progressive collapse.

Description:
4-span 8-storey building.
Span dimensions – 6 m, columns spacing – 5.6 m, height of storeys – 3 m.
Columns are fixed at foundation slab.
Material – reinforced concrete B30, reinforcement A-III.

Loads:
2
load case 1 – uniformly distributed load p = 1 t/m applied to all floor slabs and to roof slab;
concentrated load P = 30 t applied to the upper corner of collapsed column.

This example illustrates novel approach to this situation using unique options of LIRA-SAPR
software. At the first stage, physically and geometrically nonlinear analysis is carried out on emergency
loads. At the second stage, forces (with account of dynamic factors) from excluded elements are applied
to modified design model (in the ASSEMBLAGE-plus system). Stress-strain state determined at the first
stage of analysis is considered as initial state for the second stage. At the second stage of analysis,
physically and geometrically nonlinear analyses are also carried out.

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

On the taskbar, click the Start button, and then point to All Programs. Point to the folder that contains
LIRA SAPR / LIRA-SAPR 2016 and then click LIRA-SAPR 2016.

Step 1. Creating new problem

On the FILE menu, click New (button on the toolbar).
In the Model type dialog box (see Fig.16.1) specify the following data:
problem name – Example16;
model type – 5 – Six degrees of freedom per node (translations X, Y, Z and rotations Ux, Uy, Uz).

Click OK .

Figure 16.1 Model type dialog box

It is also possible to open the Model type dialog box with a pre-defined type of model. To do this, on
the LIRA-SAPR menu (Application menu), point to New and click Model type 5 (Six DOF per node)

command . One more way to do the same: on the Quick Access Toolbar, click New and in the drop-

down menu select Model type 5 (Six DOF per node) command . Then you should define only
problem name.

To save all output data files for the problem in certain directory, select appropriate check box. The
directory name will coincide with the name of the problem. This directory will appear in the directory for
files with analysis results. This is helpful if you have to find output data files for certain problem, then
transfer these files or review and evaluate them with the help of Windows Explorer or other file managers.

Step 2. Generating model geometry

To generate 3D frame:
On the Create and edit ribbon tab, on the Create panel, point to Create regular fragments and grids

list and click the 3D frame command.

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 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

In the Create plane fragments and grids dialog box (see Fig.16.2), clear the Generate foundation
slab check box.
Then specify the following data for 3D frame:
spacing along X: spacing along Y: spacing along Z:
L(m) N M L(m) N M L(m) N M
6 4 6 5.6 6 6 3 8 1
other parameters remain by default.

Click Apply .

Figure 16.2 3D frame dialog box

To delete elements of beams:

On the Select toolbar (by default, it is displayed at the bottom of the screen), click Select horizontal

elements .
Then select all horizontal elements of the model. Selected elements will be coloured red.

You can select elements either with a single click or by dragging selection window around
appropriate elements.

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

To delete selected elements, on the Create and edit ribbon tab, on the Edit panel, click Delete selected

objects .

To pack the model:

On the Create and edit ribbon tab, on the Edit panel, click Pack model .

In the Pack model dialog box (see Fig.16.3), click Apply . It is necessary to pack the model in order
to ‘throw together’ coincident nodes and elements and to eliminate (that is, to remove completely) deleted
nodes and elements from design model.

Figure 16.3 Pack model dialog box

The model shown in Fig.16.4 will be displayed on the screen.

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 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

Figure 16.4 Design model of the framework

To save data about design model:

On the LIRA-SAPR menu (Application menu), click Save command .

In the Save as dialog box specify the following data:
file name – Example16;

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

location where you want to save this file (Data folder is displayed by default).
Click Save.

Step 3. Defining material properties to elements of the model

To create material data sets:
On the Create and edit ribbon tab, on the Stiffness and restraints panel, click Material properties

button .
In the Stiffness and materials dialog box (see Fig.16.5a), click Add. The list of standard section types
will be presented in the Add stiffness dialog box (see Fig.16.5b).

a b
Figure 16.5 Dialog boxes: a – Stiffness and materials, b – Add stiffness

Double-click the Rectangular bar icon in the list. The Define standard section dialog box opens. In this
dialog box you can define material properties for selected type of the section.
In the Define standard section dialog box, specify the following parameters for Rectangular bar (see
Fig.16.6):
geometric properties – B = 50 cm; H = 50 cm.

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 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

Select the Nonlinear parameters check box.

Figure 16.6 Define standard section dialog box

To define material, click Material parameters. The Nonlinear stress-strain diagrams for materials
dialog box appears on the screen (see Fig.16.7).
In this dialog box for the main material select 31 – exponential (design strength) in the Nonlinear
stress-strain diagram list box.
Under Parameters for stress-strain diagram, double-click appropriate field to specify the following
parameters for main material (concrete):
concrete name – B30;
concrete type – TA.
To preview schematic presentation, click Draw.

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

Figure 16.7 Nonlinear stress-strain diagrams for materials dialog box for main material

In the same dialog box, click Account of reinforcement (see Fig.16.8) and select the Reinforcement
tab.
In the Nonlinear stress-strain diagram list box, select 11 – exponential.
Under Parameters for stress-strain diagram specify the following parameters for reinforcement (for the
U.S. keyboard layout):
modulus of elasticity – Eo(-) = 2e7 t/m2;
modulus of elasticity – Eo(+) = 2e7 t/m2;
ultimate stress s(-) = –37500 t/m2;
ultimate stress s(+) = 37500 t/m2.
To preview graphical presentation of the diagram, click Draw.
To confirm the specified data, click OK.

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 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

Figure 16.8 Nonlinear stress-strain diagrams for materials dialog box for reinforcement

To define location and area of reinforcement, in the Define standard section dialog box (see Fig.16.6),
click Reinforcement parameters.
In the Parameters of physical nonlinearity for bars dialog box (see Fig.16.9), click the Point

reinforcement icon .
Define parameters for the first layer of reinforcement:
area of reinforcement – Fa = 10 cm2;
distances from the Z-axis (Yi) and from the Y-axis (Zi) to the point – y = -20 cm; z = 5 cm.

Under the Type of reinforcement, in the Number of reinforcement layer list box select number 2.
Define parameters for the second layer of reinforcement:
area of reinforcement – Fa = 10 cm2;
distances from the Z-axis (Yi) and from the Y-axis (Zi) to the point – y = 20 cm; z = 5 cm.

Under the Type of reinforcement, in the Number of reinforcement layer list box select number 3.
Define parameters for the third layer of reinforcement:
area of reinforcement – Fa = 10 cm2;
distances from the Z-axis (Yi) and from the Y-axis (Zi) to the point – y = -20 cm; z = 45 cm.

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

Under the Type of reinforcement, in the Number of reinforcement layer list box select number 4.
Define parameters for the fourth layer of reinforcement:
area of reinforcement – Fa = 10 cm2;
distances from the Z-axis (Yi) and from the Y-axis (Zi) to the point – y = 20 cm; z = 45 cm.

Under the Type of cross-section division, click Division of cross-section into elementary strips icon

.
To preview the section, click Draw.
Click OK.

Figure 16.9 Parameters of physical nonlinearity for bars dialog box

In the Define standard section dialog box, click OK .

In the Add stiffness dialog box, click the tab with numerical description of stiffness (the third tab).
Double-click the Plates icon in the list. The Specify stiffness for plates dialog box opens. In this dialog
box you can define material properties for selected type of the section.

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 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

In the Specify stiffness for plates dialog box (see Fig.16.10), specify the following parameters for
Plates (for floor slab):
Poisson’s ratio – V = 0.2;
thickness – H = 20 cm.
Select the Nonlinear parameters check box.

Figure 16.10 Specify stiffness for plates dialog box

To define material, click Material parameters. The Nonlinear stress-strain diagrams for materials
dialog box appears on the screen.
In this dialog box for the main material select 31 – exponential (design strength) in the Nonlinear
stress-strain diagram list box.
Under Parameters for stress-strain diagram, you will see parameters for main material (concrete)
defined for the previous stiffness.

In the same dialog box, click Account of reinforcement and select the Reinforcement tab.
In the Nonlinear stress-strain diagram list box, select 11 – exponential.
Under Parameters for stress-strain diagram, you parameters for reinforcement defined for the previous
stiffness will be displayed.
To confirm the specified data, click OK.

To define location and area of reinforcement, in the Stiffness for plates dialog box (see Fig.16.10), click
Reinforcement parameters.
The Type of reinforcement dialog box appears on the screen (see Fig.16.11).

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

In this dialog box click the Bar-type reinforcement icon (physical equivalent of mesh).
Define parameters for the first layer of reinforcement:
equivalent thickness of rebars in mesh along the Y-axis – Hy = 0.1 cm;
equivalent thickness of rebars in mesh along the X-axis – Hx = 0.1 cm;
distance from the mesh to the middle surface – z = -6 cm.
By default, number of rebars per 1 running metre (r.m.) is equal to 5.

In the same dialog box, in the Number of reinforcement layer list box select number 2.
Define parameters for the second layer of reinforcement:
equivalent thickness of rebars in mesh along the Y-axis – Hy = 0.2 cm;
equivalent thickness of rebars in mesh along the X-axis – Hx = 0.2 cm;
distance from the mesh to the middle surface – z = 6 cm.
By default, number of rebars per 1 running metre (r.m.) is equal to 5.
To preview the section, click Draw.
Click OK.

Figure 16.11 The Type of reinforcement dialog box

In the Define standard section dialog box, click OK .

To hide library of stiffness properties, in the Stiffness of elements dialog box, click Add unfold button.

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 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

To change FE type:
On the Select toolbar (by default, it is displayed at the bottom of the screen), click Select elements

(button on the toolbar).

Select all elements of the model with the pointer.

On the Advanced edit options ribbon tab, on the Model panel, click Change FE type (button on
the toolbar).
In the Change FE type dialog box (see Fig.16.12), in the list of FE types, select FE type 241 –
physically nonlinear arbitrary rectangular FE of shell.

Click Apply .

Figure 16.12 Change FE type dialog box

The Warning box is displayed (see Fig.16.13). Click OK.

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

Figure 16.13 Warning box

In the Change FE type dialog box, click the second tab (2-node FE) and in the list of FE types, select
FE type 210 – physically nonlinear arbitrary 3D bar.

Click Apply .

To assign stiffness to elements of the model:

On the Create and edit ribbon tab, on the Stiffness and restraints panel, click Material properties

button .
In the Stiffness and materials dialog box (see Fig.16.5a), in the List of stiffness types, select stiffness
type '2*.Plate H20'.
Click Set as current type. In this case selected type will be displayed in the Stiffness box in the Assign
to elements of the model area. To assign current type of stiffness, you could also double-click
appropriate row in the list.
Select with the pointer all elements of the model.

In the Stiffness and materials dialog box, click Apply .

The Warning box is displayed. Click OK.

In the Stiffness of elements dialog box, in the List of stiffness types, select ‘1*.Rect. bar 50x50’.
Click Set as current type.
In the Stiffness of elements dialog box, click Apply.

On the Select toolbar, click Select elements button once again in order to make this command not
active.

Step 4. Defining boundary conditions

Analysis on progressive collapse will be carried out for the example when one of columns of the first
floor is collapsed. To avoid geometrically unstable columns (above the first floor) about the Z-axis,
additional boundary conditions are imposed on all nodes of floor slab of the first floor.

To switch to projection on the XOZ-plane, on the Projection toolbar (by default, it is displayed at the

bottom of the screen), click Projection on XOZ-plane .

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 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

On the Select toolbar, point to Select nodes drop-down list and click Select nodes button . With the
pointer select all nodes of the floor slab of the first floor.

On the Create and edit ribbon tab, on the Stiffness and restraints panel, click Restraints button .
In the Restraints on nodes dialog box (see Fig.16.14), specify directions along which displacements of
nodes are not allowed (UZ). To do this, select appropriate check boxes.

Click Add restraints at selected nodes button.

Figure 16.14 Restraints on nodes dialog box

To present the model in dimetric projection, on the Projection toolbar, click Dimetric projection .

Step 5. Applying loads

Analysis on progressive collapse is carried out with normative loads.

For the second load case where progressive collapse (destruction of column) is simulated, it is possible to
define dynamic factor equal to 1.1. To do this, at the upper corner of the column, define 10% of the
internal force in this column from the combination of previous load cases.

To create load case No.1:

To select floor slabs and roof slab, in the PolyFilter dialog box (see Fig.16.15), on the Filter for
elements tab, select By orientation of FE check box and specify || XOY.

Click Apply .

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

Figure 16.15 Filter for elements tab

On the Create and edit ribbon tab, select the Loads panel, then select Load on plates command
from the Loads on nodes and elements drop-down list.
In the Define loads dialog box (see Fig.16.16), specify Global coordinate system and direction along the
Z-axis (default parameters).

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 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

Figure 16.16 Define loads dialog box

In the Load type area, click Uniformly distributed load button .

2
In the Load parameters dialog box specify P = 1 t/m (see Fig.16.17).

Click OK .

Figure 16.17 Load parameters dialog box

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

To create load case No.2:

To change the number of the current load case, click the Next load case button located on the
Status bar.
In the PolyFilter dialog box (see Figure 16.15), on the Filter for elements tab, clear By orientation of
FE check box.
Select By FE numbers check box and specify the element number '7'.

Click Apply .
To present on the screen only selected node of the model, on the Select toolbar, click Fragmentation

Select upper node of column.

In the Define loads dialog box (see Fig.16.16), click the Load on nodes tab.

In the Load type area, click Concentrated load button .

In the Load parameters dialog box specify P = 30 t.

Click OK .

To restore design model in initial view after fragmentation, on the Select toolbar, click Restore model

On the Select toolbar, click Select nodes button once again in order to make this command not
active.

Step 6. Modelling stages of collapse and nonlinear load cases

To model stages of collapse:

On the Analysis ribbon tab, on the Nonlinearity panel, click Assemblage (button on the toolbar).
In the Model nonlinear load cases of structure dialog box (see Fig.16.18), select the third tab Stages

and click the Add button (in the left part of the dialog box, under History, the first load history is
added and the row with first stage of assemblage will become selected automatically).

On the Select toolbar, point to Select elements drop-down list and click Select elements button .
Select all elements of the model with the pointer.
When elements are selected, in the Model nonlinear load cases of structure dialog box, in the
Elements to be assembled area, click All selected. Numbers of elements selected on the model will be
automatically displayed in the list.

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 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

Figure 16.18 Model nonlinear load cases dialog box for defining assemblage stages

To unselect elements, on the Select toolbar, click Unselect all button .

In the Model nonlinear load cases of structure dialog box, to create the second stage of assemblage,

click the Add button .

In the PolyFilter dialog box, select the Filter for elements tab (the second tab).
Select By FE numbers check box and specify number '7'.

Click Apply .
In the Model nonlinear load cases of structure dialog box, in the Elements to be disassembled area,
click All selected.

To unselect elements, on the Select toolbar, click Unselect all button .

To model nonlinear load cases:

In the Model nonlinear load cases of structure dialog box, select the first tab Parameters and select
the row that corresponds to the first stage of assemblage.
For the first load case define the following parameters (see Fig.16.19):
select Step (1) in the Analysis method list box;
select Equal steps option and define number of steps 10;
select Displacement and forces after every step in the Print results list box;

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

in the Display intermediate results list, select Display all option.

Select the row for the second load case and define the following parameters:
select Step (1) in the Analysis method list box;
select Equal steps option and define number of steps 10;
select Displacement and forces after every step in the Print results list box;
in the Display intermediate results list, select Display all option.

To input defined data, click OK .

Figure 16.19 Model nonlinear load cases dialog box for defining parameters of nonlinear load cases

Close the PolyFilter dialog box.

Step 7. Nonlinear analysis of the model

To carry out complete analysis, on the Analysis ribbon tab, select the Analysis panel and in the

Analyse drop-down list, click Complete analysis .

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 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

Step 8. Review and evaluation of analysis results

When analysis procedure is complete, to review and evaluate analysis results, select the Results
ribbon tab.

In the mode of analysis results visualization, by default design model is presented with account of nodal
displacements. To display the model without nodal displacements, on the Results ribbon tab, on the

Deformations panel, click Initial model button .

To hide presentation of loads on design model:

On the Select toolbar, click Flags of drawing button . In the Display dialog box, clear the Loads
check box on the General tab.

Click Redraw .

To change number of active load case:

On the status bar (displayed at the bottom of the screen), in the Load case No. list, select No. 2 (that

corresponds to the fifth stage of assemblage) and click Apply .

To present displacement contour plots in the floor slab of the first floor:
To present contour plot of displacements along the Z-axis, on the Results ribbon tab, on the
Deformations panel, select the Displacement mosaic/contour plot in global coordinate system

command in the Displacement mosaic/contour plot drop-down list.

Then click Displacements along Z button on the same panel.

On the Projection toolbar (by default, it is displayed at the bottom of the screen), click Projection on

XOZ-plane .

On the Select toolbar, point to Select elements drop-down list and click Select elements button .
Then select elements of the floor slab of the 1st storey.
To present on the screen only selected elements of the model, on the Select toolbar, click

Fragmentation .

To present the model in dimetric projection, on the Projection toolbar, click Dimetric projection .

To present stress mosaic plots:

To present stress mosaic plot for Mx, on the Results ribbon tab, on the Stress in plates and solids

panel, select the Stress mosaic plot command in the Stress mosaic/contour plots drop-down list.

Then click Stress Mx button on the same panel.

To present stress mosaic plot for Nx, click Stress Nx button on the same panel.

To display intermediate results:

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

To display analysis results for 50% load application from the second load case, in the Mode shape No.

(component, time interval) list, select the row 50% and click Apply .

To select the history of nonlinear load case automatically, click the Apply current load case No.

automatically button .
To display analysis results for this load case, use the Next button at the Change load case No. list or at
the Mode shape No. (component, time interval) list.

To display results by cracks in elements of the floor slab:

On the Status bar, in the Mode shape No. (component, time interval) list, select the row that
corresponds to application of 100% of load (100%).
To display analysis results by cracks in plate elements, on the Advanced results tab, on the Fracture

pattern panel, select the Cracks in plates command in the Plates/Bars drop-down list.

To display the depth of crack propagation, click the Depth of crack propagation (Bars) button .

To display the width of crack propagation, click the Width of crack propagation button .
To display data on crack propagation at the bottom edge of plate elements, on the Advanced results

tab, on the Fracture pattern panel, select the Cracks in bottom layer command.
To display direction of crack propagation in plate elements, on the Advanced results tab, on the

Fracture pattern panel, select the Direction of cracks (plates) command .

To display data on crack propagation at the top edge of plate elements, on the Advanced results tab, on

the Fracture pattern panel, select the Cracks in top layer command.

To preview information about cracks in a certain element, on the Select toolbar, click the Information

about nodes and elements button and then specify with the pointer certain element, e.g. element
No.42.
In the Information about element dialog box (see Fig. 16.20), to display parameters of section with
cracks, select the Cracks check box.

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 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016 Example 16

Figure 16.20 Information about element No.42 dialog box

To display intermediate results, use the Results box.

To switch to another nonlinear load case, use the Load case No. list.

In the Fig.16.21 you will see intermediate results for the state of section with cracks for element No.42 of the
2nd nonlinear load case (the second stage of assemblage) when 70% of load from the 2nd load case is
applied.

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 Example 16 Tutorial on LIRA-SAPR version 2016

Figure 16.21 Parameters of section with cracks dialog box

To restore design model in initial view, on the Select toolbar, click Restore model .

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