: ~ ate_the_ Score of feiacng tds of civil — engfneer?ng . “hy Suaveyeng GL) Stauchusad engineers: __ 11) Geoteh ntcal_e trey 2d nk oaks & wabes re Source sngcratiigy @_Buxve co the Study 9 cue ying enables the engacey to dehewetng relive postions ° puints on the Suiface OP Cort, Before the Contiuch on of ony Ghoudhuro, ete a of the lonel, on estth the © Consftuction ls to egy AS okogys cone. from. dhe gad obseavalinns 19 _ Sarvegiing token Na the hos onal plone, o plane tg “_peporéd " @P the _ exfsitng getures_ of growral_@ rele _pstitons of potnts in the Nertical ploae ore Shean Loy GeckionS. _obetaadl Dy taletng —vosiureen’s in tho Variceal plane | termed Tewkng. Close fi ca}?on og Sarveytog UL plone Benesing wd. Geodelic curv? fa it General _¢ larst cation’ of Surveing | lato feahion —_bafed on the _puspose of Suwiyie i) “opegta he col Se. pais a = City Surve Yo. Es mine Bivens, a a __clossigection voted” 0, He tnt -HU men! : __ Sawyio Chain Survey 8) Compass Survey. 3)_chotn & _Compnss Sevvod SJ Theodotle Gur ve 15) Aachomaie Survey |e) flane table Sue | I) Electronic distance —moley Song | | Sky uetured engineer? LM tS a Sub-discipling of civil engineerfna ln _ which Struclural engtneers ose trotted to deri | the ‘bones and muscles’ the create the Porm & | Shope of man -mode Structures. Structural engines Valse mut understand & _Calculafe the Stobiiity | Strength. vigtatt & corthqualse- Susceph bility 4 built Struchures” for butlal?ngs and non _buélding, | Strvcluies. the Shruclural _dehans are _nboguabed i eae de | oth those of other cles anors Such eS architects and bulldtng " Bervfeos aa often _ Supervise the Construetfon of preject § a) I Contactors on ctle. The Can oso be Involved fr the . design oP mochinoy, modtcal equizment, _§ aes ea ral tofegrit offect 6 Nehicles where Strucku _l gure boning ond _Sefely. See chathecring Shrudural | engineerin: ty _Is__hased _upon Opplied physical lows And em Pirical Icnowledge op the Structural I | _ SH) Geotethntcal en ines tng “perfomance dif erent materials Gnd geo melr7g Siructura) engineering BH _destgn utes a number of __xelatives Simple Netvuctural “Condep 1s fo builol _ Complex Stractrad Systems. Structural engr neers | O6@ tesporsible Par making Crealtve and oPficient eof funds. Structural elements and _mabertals fo) .ochteve the goals. ae pew t the loranch Civil Cngineeitng Conterne ed With the en teering be havtot OP earth molerial e © wes the _preneépl Soil methames _& Nock 'mechanes for the _Soldinn _of 5 respective ae __bagineering problems. U also tees on knowlege of gol rol cop hustes and other _telabed Stine | Sioa Crock | engineniing ts 0 Sub dtgcip line Lor eclogical Cnaineer fing. ae prevention, & mitt adjon oo damag Coused by naburaf the evaualton of Yoo and man-made Soil ceposiby th VISKS posed bog Sle Cond?fions ¢ nodural Slope sessment OP tHe Gnd the _predicton. _ hazards (Such Gg avalanche, mud plows .'arel slicer, sinkholes & volcanfe erepttens), uit“Water SeSourees en sneer ea \s “Such a Commedity thd 1S vital LL the _ exetstence of _marntlind . human beings, Ont mal, land plants. require cooker for thers Survival , f i Surface ecakey is cosy and: Ceonomical to harne, i | Roweves, its availablity Cannot be felted Upon I tee with the SeaSon ces |_caales vesoureca, engineering Gon be defroed \os the Setence whreh fiat edth the Subject op topping. wobes efthar Prom the Surface or | Bubsuiface Bourcer. A wales tAource 13 Qieh | oat Subject Hof It Include in ItselP hy drolegy fi [in eigalion.” hydiaultes | & ousaler Supply. / © Continuowly Stree lt 3 a | the judiefous we @ codbex gon purposes |r igehton has ained = Such impor Hance In fal if tecent times that wales mana znent hog 1 3 Libttome at a Science tn ttselP. gineers have | jteornt to tame the __.wobex coc ea | Construction of dams Construction ee bow Ei ti coells and Construction of hydreelectrf¢ Plage _ | fer the _benegti _op mankind i u igh = ig =_“lvanspostation engincetn g- mt this Sublet deals ws? the men Ond tronspor} 6 materials through —_diPPeren Buch 0S 'lond, wales and ote the vailways cmd YoodS ore the Lmodes Of Communication by land. Com munia ictton Toutes Important i at the watex __|ktonsport ISS eaditble only! Where the brendney vives, Canals sane navigable O1 where the | Seacoast is 6 available. Langporlation by aty Ltoukes | 1S) ods - + Incroasing dey by doy. the 7 _transportotion Por Short aes aces “ida be Speedily done ny by Youd tVonsport, coheroag aes cxailwoy Vrangpord: vis. Constdered Sope_& |Conventant "for ton distances, i q eet ‘i The 6 whol are the dt ?Porent 4 pes OF Cemenf | ond cohol are the gees qualtites ef cement.” le Srellin ory _ portland Ce ent CPPS ' ery Jat #| oon Is; por \ ana d _ po syolocet Cement Cpe) a 3. Rop rd - hardento Cement. lu. Gatve- vapid - hprileting Cement LS. Quiles = Settin & Camert low ~ heat ment Self abe ~resigting Cement “at $ noce Slo f Gnent hig h eae ale ent a | lo. —edumir white Cement — ay | IL l- | 200-2 > ee \U. Colored — Coment iva. Bry -entraining. Buh a5: Coareke 's Ldalled. 5 Reinforced Cement Concrete’ I Ses a \, Rc. cls uted for Construction _ of Clements Suehi 03 beams Columns.» €- Shab’ bruchured DB Rec ls ged Por the Construction Lf waberr —____ bong, Stor e bing, sbunkers, B. Rent IS. \n ad sft ondalons foxes perem ee pile Rondins2 Eaxlain vantage 9d iserduonloge i ‘iLteniss Con be Comtwebed x fee, Hs RCC AS rer inthe Construction OP be q Lmarine — Struchires, aqua ucts, high PF S0 bys | Ora arony other cin? | *giacentng worles IN. Ree 1s htght other oriertng material || Odvanhegox ] Re.c ts duioble @ Can Pecincet i mefture Varrabion and fern) rave thal Ree. c 1 fire rath _Go situdhton IL material cooler ight Sh uctures Such 4% le in_pre Shased G }— Pre. ASL rt ie = ShHessed (pnticle 15 0 form of concrete { Where \ettial Comprasiog ts Hie In the Con erte. sifu applying the ertlernalN toad So that less rem Calernal loads _S Coun beract: -—[pertod this initial Comp tet ston Ag ‘in the a anad way during the bruce(ndroduee d ba nig bh -Shren: Hh Stoel WFO oy _Alloy (Coatled ‘{endons') ocak ea tn the Concrafe Selron. high Aeratle Strength Geol ustreg ove In’erpe dN \nto the Yeam Lect ron & | Hed are Ske ched G anchored, bop robsted. . I Ses. Krahrased Concrete 1% 0 eum of Concrete used _ ite Constr wehion RK \s wed ino wide y Alen cil Struck res wohere | ltS nahin d perfo mance Can alto or longer Spans - Teotea) opel? cainns tacludo high =r?5@ bailey | vestdential labs, Poundbfran system , rele @ dam 18 0. A Inolutty? af pavements § Lnucler Containment Qtructurep \u | Expletn odvonlage & divadventige of psc Ladvantage (psc) = » at h_ Skron rath psc dypicaly haa Wigner Slierg th R ee ko ¥ Conventions ee d) Ineprened Gack, Contra’ _penwer Stres: helps to Cotto Sn bi plac? = _Consulo lon Comprasinnlay 35 uftthoud — the “need Si ingot “8pons s- “ews _€ es | Ore __Sup pork _____4) Reduced __sa talertal alte LAhtnnes __vockte nto Contrale™ uyobility — fenel to have __helter | Kesistance fost Constyual fons foe Strossed beans g Can be yprecodt off athe g them transpored | ~ [Disadveniog & of (ps<) Complex design & Const vuction + ag tw os preci se Quality. , Ey) Wigh Int? od calts:- the tnttiad carts of | pre weesing 9.ut panent 3) lUtmited Pex tbiy Once piee P-Sitease d pSe clements Chas heve limfled Ples zhilt 22e, 4D af i) Construction chal yl I Careful Cor dfnafton | | Construelion. ‘5 potential fox Cortafinn 4- while psc Struckure generat more _rearstance to | Corrosion than Pe Sturturgy6 Explatn diPPeyen! Lypes of am wed In Conslyuclion _Con Sttuction chemicas ore Chemi¢al formulabionz Wed esith Cement, Concrete or _pfher ong k ruetion makertals of tho ftme 9 Conttruclion to holo! te Con struglion _mabertal _togather. Construction Chemrealy have beteme _one of the Important | Components of Chemical lochs tr 4 playing an tmportand [role ta ges Infrostracture ‘deve lopment. The olebal «Coa stractio Chemfcal morteet Can be IoC inod af ¢ K Concvole Admextures , ie ppphald modifies s . RGdheies & Sealant + profective Coating [Cen struction chomics Ore idely sed Ln fhe Construction of residential Indusrtal, Commercial and Infvask ruckspe projects. Resrdential butlel: hog the Mmofos market Share Por Cons drachton | Chemecals fouowed Yo Conyerk ar. burl eo YQiden iad puilalén '§ expreted 40 maintat _fts domiante_In_the Global Construction ichemiG@l _morket becouse of dhe nereasing ne of Yat dential pragacts | ahet eh ge Stroel hel” i ing an the \tr(a__Sleel__Assocfafron unthe ase lo the third longest Heel ~ prove | Coundr Inthe ‘caorlol. “Amorreant use step) _ | aos co tstde —etlon Of _Anobustres, codS to Sky sero 72rS , there are mony | Cobe 30: of. Steal altocafad Yo diferent | purpose, bub 0n0 of the most Common | Boa _Struclural Steel (Ss used tn Condreset0O Or build Lprojects. In thes most baste debpnslron.: Struct [Steel 1s defined BStee! Shaped §ewe_lo (0 |swek-ton, bub Hod cloosn't give a velu, Clas picture |p what Structural Steel Gctuah ty ‘ BAS Yous premieg locas Structural Gleet Compan In | Into na, uo Wanted to help aive yeu Clear oy vodersl ting rho what Bors Sbtuclnol | Beet pars from ther forms oP Pabricabed eteq || Shyuctural Steel I$ % Carbon Geel, mento L by covering 8S tuto mata’ Chavacherishes 5 Com pesit “Jon & : Composition | Carbon Content Of upto 9.1 _percenlos __h lw! _Grbon Gieel. “Increarrn the amour ul APlor tron Carbon. ts He most mportan eltLCorbon In tho Langston ¢ Steal cogulls In moderfate thd have he Slrength 0G low duelibh Depending on how aw _ Slee! will be used ool deleymine® the Coron level or Content needed, hows Coron Steel... a4 known af nil Slee! the most _ widely ugod form of Carbon Steel Land wht ts moot Commonly ugad Pox Conshuct ton pur poses, whith «ts why low - fasbon Stee | Le wt most fea. Houg ht of w hon _ofertng fo Grudura Steel. (ew ~ Carbon Stee | i cy prcall ContainS o.0uy¥. fo 0.307, Carboo Content, i Which “makes lt Strong yet although both medium L% high ~fA Caxbon Gleels (steels with a caxbon _Leatent Yanging fiom o3l p10 bo 7. Con algo ‘be “Considorea © Gtruclyral Sheet. these oni etcalt usod fo. mechanical engineer q Ppurpese, =} __ types of Steel _A_. Structural + Steel Shape 18 % profile formed with a specific Cross Section Below axe few , Common Structural Gleef Shope k D- beam ¢- A @ Shapod Cross Section Gppel_ wot th files eS on af ithe Side ___k 2- Bhaf es Hal 2 Pl ang an alp a plange going 0 opposite( ee = ditectio ng reembling 9 ot vgn ‘a | hs att Son he Shope d Cross Serfiod ee —»y g T-shaped ctOss Selion ¥ Bas => A Teckanglad. (1$8 - Sectionod lon | | pitee_P Slee! Ik Rod 5 A ound of Soya long prec, Lo Steel 1 dhe ¢ Defrne — foundation. whad are tho fencions. z of fovadlation, | fundod ait dl fran ee si a ever tthe | Wu 4 ta cal onal \\eithey” Brotow Or ae fin fdabion engners ng 1S the Ovpkeadion mechonis & = a : Meth antes eg) \ nea se, nop | oundalion element Shtuotur T E J it fe bundlaffong provide. the.” Girudare! Si Gfabrh Ih rom the Youn ol ¢ uC) a tStri bufe the I lo ee “f- the Shue I Cous tng onequal st n unde¥lyt tl = echiones meal). esi‘ fo _unchos\ the i Grvdduce oqatmt natural || Sore, Inlueing Covthaualeat, ficdls, Croyghts, “Frost heaves tornodoeg & wind kK to provide o level Gufoce for Congtrualio k fo onchos the Ghudure deeply into the Qreund Increasing. 4S Shobi lid and preventing | Diet lonal? “4 : A tk To prelint- \oberal movements OP the Pupporte _ siiwelsi (in Some Capt.) ih j 19) wrtte_- dePrnition and functions of cfolasing Structural elements, H t) -pinth 8-4 plinth level forms the quate Lop & howe. 14 §tS & teckonfulor blake “of Shore lon which «Column and pilar of a batld tg | Sionds: Wits a. wall pf) the frovna (evel 6 the ground _Ploor level. Column “hears the woe }Y sep. "rhe butlolig 'S Structure bub ol this eigh} presses oon on the Celumn, The! matn -punckions of io: phath ins Cone frucion bg to dedhitate the bed of the Columns over the 4 foun dation ..evenly , {| ‘i) lintel 3 s-. A éntol a +e ef beam Goa hortyonta) Sttuclral Clemnt). that Spans Opting s Such. 03 portals, doors, eanabeslh Gin boo Secor nd Pina tuples _t_¢ bea Q fe Oro Combined Srnomely Stiyclural Hem, inthe Cafe OP windlows, the | Dotto Spor 18 |nstead _Feforred 40 a8 a sen foul, Uarke o intel dow of Servo to | bear 0 load 40 erhure_the tnleg tity at the wall. modern doy lentels Gye mede Wing | prestes ged Conerele ond are abso “eferred L4o 05 beams tn beam and blals Slabs oo LYS in tib and block labs, “These preskrey vies Conerele lintels blocks are Compone i Yd Ware packed ches § propped fo ‘ | Gove a Suspended pa Concre}e Slap 1 | chefia @- Ht_1& the ° profected element {ust abaw the usadlew, _vorich Shades dhe optctra, Shps . voi Prom __enleging the Yoon cand fealenes L Sky lane udfile — tooking rs) the room, 1 Its pds known of “Sun Shade” 15 a Sloping or hertooal Struct vral overhang, Uuall rou Ride Por fhotection vom Gung fatn or _for = “arch ?eeluval Constderadion ap lente! level. pre viewhy | 0 - Small Conice band cowel Appeadg_ above _ dhe _Vord . Oeling aa dtp mould, didong _ | the __tnaber floliing down the Suc ‘sore rom window ¢ eg “ Stode. Por tho | Who wal Ls amon Corly Kk Nowledae People Picked vp while’ des; igaina N Lor the | Clim VN L iMakonry wall & — Masonr Walls are the mos (durable pord of an building or Gtrochere, -| masonry ts they oor pl utp hze d ‘for deve lopment Leotth “mother aa @ Lin er’ ad eotHy | Ee units Of: blaks | Stones , morbles , rocks Sold squares. P7125. And So Porth — Mortar 5 a | blen of - restricting mabeial with Sond! roshriel ing eri Gon t Concrate, time, Sell, ar ony other Cen Siuding —_ Malerials. 7 proPessional ce the. masonr prajects and the q Uni works — Por voriovS pur pose, Some coor g or buildin Constructions Some _Makeg barrie [Sor boundaries to Seporale ppely tn line _g Some I mele houge teat foe Structural eed lad. urthe defintdio n wlypes & functions | foltowing Struck ural Clements®.| L SSeS a & Column s— column are dagined ag | vertical load -beaxtn members sSupprting |_ Com pressive loadg chiefly, ‘this Shtuctural 3 Lmembes 8 uted to transmit the load_of [Strudure to phe Poundotion, In ain Porced i Contre build’ ?ngs beoms, gees & Colums | Ad wenoltthitally. | The mag ation th the Colum [mai Produce ‘tensile forces over a part og | Cross Section, Gk, Cobunng ayo _ called Com press [me mbes because Comprassive Porte, dominate the: i | behavious Columns Can te ¥ ron types by | Sn _ loadin eng Column tog, frame rates el | types oy Colunpng ie Boxed on load tn | Axtaliy loaded eoluma, Eccentri¢aly Loaded Columns: jyn?- axial, posal lodcled Columns: Bf ~ 0 xo! i | by boxed on Column Tres Tied lama Bes Spiral lum. | LC. Nooked on Slender ning, Yabo, Short Ompresston ks or pedealals, Sho v4 | reinforce! Columns, lone tein forced column |D. Bated on Shape eP cross —Sedtto n | bee =motrie Shaped -=Ralanglee, “ound , ola: webe Shaped Tt hoped Vv y “Shaped _ ] Syne ete. JE. Besed 00 Construchion _ Maher ials “tern Porced Concrete Column, _ Compostte column, | Column. _ Steel, Timbes, _ Bick | Beam 3- 9 veom loo Structural elemen bor | membes that lawely Hanger lnads plaed along TAS Oars ed t opal Such os walls ae foun dabions Soon, wtth reniding ve Primo, wee © depletion ; fa Rea = of" booms” ave employed In the Con struct jon of buillengs and Sheu elutes vertecd lord Shor Ghrerseg | henalin g_memonk 1230 hor ipenlad fan alt be absorbed b | Stre chuval __ membre. Types ef Beam Construction (o.) Based on — Construd'on maberfals . lim ber Beam toto forced Gncrefe geam Sted el a Bom & coined te Bear § = (4) 2 Je . (8) Based on Suppor? —_Condrtiong Cont ileves Beam fisted Simply Suppo ded ean [Beam = Bvey aging ceo, Conkin usu Beam Tos ed _Beom, YY®) Bajed on Grape OF Cros Section : Rectangular Cram, T-Seehion Beam, |! Becky Beam, Leserlion Beam, & caefion Blam H 1D) Boxed _on Cyen.mel r 13, -Shogght Beam Th pera Peam, Curved Room IQ) gaged en equilibrium etondiions trolitgiy Delesntnabe Beam , Shaticoly Indotesminde | Boon, Wid io fied itn Caadrutlion oi Cag} In-situ Con crete ream, preatressed Conigrele eam, _ PreCot —conerele _peam. Linte Cam. ih Tt | T i \) _Conereke thot (5 used to Create flat hort zenta : the ground lWoorwle Slabs Can be prefabeidd ad aff -st Slab %- © Gla 14 Structural elemont Mode Surfaces Such os floor s, tof decks,” q lah ts cereralt Several —incho by ‘rams, re walt3, o¢ & CPi ing Ond lowered Into plo.ce stor BN e poured tn Bheu using Orn worl. \e rein Porcomen quired, “Slabs Gan be pre-Stressed ovConerote ont he poured! et _vebar Tosstiniad withio the firmer k | | Lk Ther are Several afferent types of lob L Unelug ing + Plat SlobY 4 Conven tional Sod. one -eoay Supported by eam On 4400 oppostde [Gides. Carngog the aol I one _alireetPon Rtwo ~way ys N Supported! by pean aoRe all {four Side, Conpgng tho lbbd long with both directions, 4 holtow- tore rfbbed Slab k wapple Slab # gold Slob roe k Compasite Gla LStraticoge 3~ A Stoircase Is o Structum| L element that 1% used et frovelting foo highea [heigh} or f+ 13 used’ 40 travel’ Prom one | Gtorey of a duilding Jo anothos. UF ¢ designed | +0" covar _@ _lorge Vertical drsfanee ty clving ~ up 4 _Into__Smallag Vortcas distances Wh a a cohed sieps. The Step 3 roy log Babe tery ae E —— oy be _moving cu ntanun sly dhe _factl'Toda_dhe. sing e “petght S. without Climbing 4 “hus Yorscores Nore the Connecting Hak ola 4u00 OY _ More pe Ina building ‘love mony aypos_of ssoncate. Shia Fan, L Shand tol ; Shaped that 15 also Spal , Cuwed, bi bifurcated, lodde} @ man dine Os hal = tus, more, The (hare of Stain cos