UNIT 1-INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING - Site Preparation- Civil engineers ensure

preparation of site for construction, it involves,

- Civil engineering involves study of planning excavation or filling of earth(soil).
and designing and execution of various - Quality Control- Civil engineer ensures quality
structures. of materials used in construction.
- Safety- Civil engineer follow standard
 Various branches in civil engineering guidelines and ensures safety of structure.
1. Construction Management-Involves - Reporting- civil engineers write daily progress
planning, designing, execution of project, reports for their projects.
organizing equipment required, and maintaining - Management- Civil engineer manages budget,
budget, project deadlines and labour. purchase of equipment and materials, labour
2. Structural Engineering-Involves preparation payment.
of detailed structural drawings and design -Problem Resolution- Civil engineer clears
details specifying quality and quantity of steel to problem that arise during construction.
be used in columns, beams, slab etc.
3. Geo-technical Engineering-Involves study of  Materials used in construction
soil, rocks, properties of soil, and how to Earth, brick, timber, stone, sand, aggregate,
stabilize soil, here the focus is on constructing a cement, mortar, concrete, steel, bitumen, glass,
building considering water, soil interaction. FRP, composite materials.
4. Transportation Engineering-Involves study
of planning designing, operating, and 1. Earth (soil)
maintaining a networking systems used for  Engineering properties/requirements of
travelling e.g. roadways, railways, airways, and earth
waterways. Study of various traffic monitoring - Highly cohesive or compact
systems, signal traffic flow, is also involved. - High angle of internal friction
5. Water Resource Engineering-Involves study - High shear strength
of water cycle, water resource, watershed - Low compress-ability
sustainability.understanding floods and - Low permeability
droughts, optimizing water for irrigation. It also - Should be stiff
involves study of flow and behavior of fluid. - Low shrinkage and swelling
6. Environmental engineering-Aims at - Low erodibility.
improving environment, involves design of
water treatment and waste water treatment to  Uses of earth
protect human health. Study involves various - In foundation
control measures of air and water pollution. - Filling voids
7. Surveying-Involves measuring and - in retaining walls, creating slope,embankments.
recording,and locating relative points on and - In road construction
below the earth to plan various construction - In creating dams, tunnels
projects. - In soil stabilization
8. Irrigation engineering-involves study of how - To prevent erosion
to manage water for the growth of crops and
other vegetation on agricultural and developed 2. Bricks (clay product used to construct wall,
lands. Includes planning designing of dams, size-19cm x 9cm x 9cm)
reserviors, irrigation systems.  Engineering properties/requirements of
bricks
 Role of civil engineer in various - Should be hard, well burnt, of standard size.
construction activities -Sharp, uniform in shape, copper in colour.
- Planning and designing- Civil engineers plan, - Give clearing ringing sound when struck.
design and create blue prints for construction -Sufficient crushing strength > 55 kg/cm2.
projects. They ensures strength and stability to -White colour deposits should not be present
construct safe building. when soaked in water for 24 hrs.
- Construction Management- Civil engineers -Should not break when dropped from height of
manage construction site from start to end 1m.
ensures proper execution of work within given -Low thermal conductivity and sound proof.
deadlines. Manage staff. -When immersed in cold water should not
absorb water more than 20%.
-Shoul resist high temperature as 870 to 1648 - Uniform colour, good appearance
degree centigrade. - Durable
- Fracture of stone should be sharp, even, clear
 Uses of bricks - Fireproof
- Construction of wall, arches,brick retaining - Specific gravity > 8.7
walls. - % wear <=3%
- Making broken bricks to use as aggregates. - compact fine crystalline in structure
- Manufacturing of surkhi (powdered bricks) to - % absorption by weight after 24 hrs. < 0.6%
use in plastering.
-In metallurgy and glass industries for lining.  Uses of stones
-In brick lintel construction. - In face work to get good appearance
-For decorative purposes. - Paving stones, footpath
- To form basic engineering materials e.g.
 Manufacturing of bricks cement, concrete, murum.
-manufacturing of brick involves, preparation of - In ballast in railways
clay, moulding, drying, and burning. - In blast furnace
A. Preparation of clay-involves, unsoiling, - In construction of bridge, dam, retaining walls.
digging, cleaning, weathering, blending, and
tempering.  Classification of rocks
B. Moulding-then the moulding of prepared clay A. Geological Classification
is done. Moulding can be done in two ways i.e i. Igneous rocks- formed by cooling of magma,
hand moulding (ground moulding,table example-granite, basalt.
moulding), machine moulding (plastic clay ii. Sedimentary rocks- formed by deposition of
machines, dry clay machines). production of weathering on pre-existing rock
C. Drying-moisture content is lowered down to example-gravel, sandstone.
2% for this operation, the brick are put into iii. Metamorphic rocks- formed by change in
stacks and are left for natural drying, sometimes character of pre-existing rock, example-marble,
dryers are used to dry the bricks, take 2-3 days. slate.
D. Burning-It is very important operation in
manufacturing of bricks, it impacts hardness B. Physical Classification
and make it dense and durable. Burning is i. Stratified rocks- posses planes of stratification
carried out in clamps or kilns. and split along these planes, example-
sedimentary rocks.
 Classification of Bricks ii. Unstratified rocks- crystalline, granular,
A. Unburnt Bricks-these are dried with the heat compact granular in structure, example-igneous
of sun in moulding process hence known as sun- rocks.
dried bricks, used for temporary works, should iii. Foliated rocks- they split in definite direction,
not be exposed to heavy rains. example-metamorphic rocks.

B. Burnt Bricks C. Chemical Classification

i. First class bricks-sharp and standard shaped, i. Silicious rocks- silica predominant rocks, are
are table moulded burnt in kilns, used in hard, durable affect by weathering. example-
superior works of permanent nature. granite, quartilite.
ii. Second class bricks-rough, irregular in shape, ii. Argillaceous rocks- clay predominant rocks,
are ground moulded burnt in kilns, used where are dense and compact, example-slate, laterite.
brickwork is to be provided with coat of plaster. iii. Calcareous rocks- CaCo3 predominant rocks.
iii. Third class bricks-irregular with distorted example-limestone marble.
edges, are ground moulded burnt on clamps,
sounds dull when struck, used for temporary 4. Timber (wood)
works.  Engineering properties of
iv. Fourth class brick- are over-burnt, irregular, timber/requirement/qualities of good
and dark in colour, used as aggregates for timber
concrete in foundation and roads. - Freshly cut timber should be hard and shiny.
- Should be durable to resist insects, fungi.
3. Stone (hard solid substance found in ground) - Have straight fibres.
 Engineering properties of stone - Dark in colour.
- Crushing strength > 1000 kg/cm2
- Elasticity- range between 1 x 104 N/mm2- 1.5 x - facilitating drainage.
104 N/mm2 - As bedding material.
- Hard to resist wear and abrasion.
- Should not split.  Classification of sand
- Should smell sweet. A. Natural sand- sand from pits, riverbeds,
- Ringing sound occurs when struck. oceans.
- Should be capable to take loads. i. Pit sand
- Low permeability. ii. River sand
- Tough to resist vibrations and shock. iii. Sea sand
- Bad conductor of heat. B. Artificial sands- obtained artificially by
crushing of rocks.
 Uses of timber i. Fine sand-particle size varies from 0.0625mm
- In doors, windows, lintels, roof members, to 0.125mm, is smooth, used in plastering.
frames etc. ii. Medium sand- particles varies from 0.125mm
- For flooring, partition walls, panelling. to 0.25mm,used in concrete production ,
- For form work, timbering, scaffolding. landscaping.
- For wagon and coach building. iii. Coarse sand- particles varies from 0.25mm to
- Carpentry works. 2mm.
- Railway sleeps. iv. Clayey sand- clay + sand, used in
construction projects.
 Types of timber
i. Hard wood-it is hard and strong, dark in 6. Aggregates (manufactured from clay and slag,
colour and are heavy. derived from igneous, sedimentary, and
ii. Soft wood-has less strength, light in colour, metamorphic rocks)
light in weight, example-sandalwood.  Engineering properties of rocks
- It Should be well graded.
 Seasoning of timber - Should be rounded, flaky, or angular.
- Seasoning of timber is process of removing - Durable.
water and sap (plant juice) from raw trees after - Resistant to abrasion.
its cutting to make it more strong, durable, and - Resistant to impact, should not break.
free of cracks. - Should not be porous.
Following are the methods used for seasoning - Specific gravity range from 2-3
-Natural Seasoning-seasoning carried out by - Should be rough.
natural air, is is cheap and economical, no need
of skilled supervision.  Uses of aggregates
-Artificial Seasoning-it is done by using - Used in concrete production
chemicals or a boiling process, quite expensive - In road and foundation base.
and require skilled supervision. - In landscaping, and pathways.
-In slope stabilization and structural stability.
5. Sand (fine granular material found in river - facilitating drainage.
beds) - As granular base course for pavements.
 Engineering properties/requirements of - In railway ballast.
good sand
- Grain size varies from 0.0625mm to 2mm.  Types of aggregates
- Should be chemically inert. A. Fine aggregates-passes through 4.75mm IS
- Free from organic matter, clean and coarse. sieve. Particle size is less than 4.75mm, example
- Contain sharp, angular, durable grain. clay, sand silt.
- Should be well graded. B. Coarse aggregate-retained on 4.75mm IS
- Should not contain salt, which attracts sieve. Particle size is more than 4.75mm,
moisture from air. example- gravel.
C. Lightweight aggregate-lower density, used in
 Uses of sand lightweight concrete, example- expanded clay
- In concrete, motar. shell.
- For filling gaps,and levelling. D. Heavyweight aggregate-higher density, used
- In manufacturing of glass and ceramics. in specialized applications, example- bauxite.
- For recreational areas , artificial beaches.
- In water treatment plants for filteration.
E. Recycled aggregates-It is derived from end has high temperature, In kiln the calcination
recycled material like crushed concrete or of materials, oxide formation takes place, and
asphalt, to reduce demand for natural resource. clinker is formed and allowed to cool.
-grinding-clinkers formed are added with 2-3%
7. Cement (binding material used in of gypsum to avoid initial hydration, then
construction) mixture is sent to ball mills to form fine powder,
 Engineering properties/requirement of their it is stored in silos and later it is packed
cement and distributed.
- Should have good plasticity.
- Should mix with water easily to form paste to  Types of cement
bind materials. 1. Ordinary Portland Cement
- Should be very fine. 2. Rapid hardening cement
- Should resist shrinkage on hardening. 3. Low heat cement
- Should not flow away in paste form. 4. Quick setting cement
- Should not set instantly. 5. Air entrained cement
6. Flyash cement
 Uses of cement 7. Expansive cement
- In preparing mortar, for plastering, and 8. High alumina cement
painting. 9. Masonary cement
- In making joints of drain pipes. 10. White cement
- In foundation, footpaths. 11. Coloured cement
- In watertanks, tunneling, roads. 12. Oil well cement
- In preparation of pipes, piles, fencing posts.
- In constructing dams, reservoirs. 8. Mortar (paste prepared by mixture of cement,
- In construction of lintels, beams, columns, sand, water)
flooring, roof staircase.  Engineering properties of Mortar
- Should be capable of developing good
 Manufacturing of cement adhesion.
Cement is manufactured as follows - Should be capable of developing the design
A. Dry process stress.
- preparation of raw material-clay and - Should be cheap, durable, easily workable.
limestone are added in dry state, are subjected - Should set quickly.
to crushing and the air is added to mixture so to - Should not affect durability of materials in
flow as liquid. contact.
-burning and clinker formation-the mixture is - Should be such that joint formed by mortar
pre heated at temperature of 850 degree should not form cracks.
centigrade and sent to rotary kiln for burning,
fuel is coal, gas. In kiln the calcination of  Uses of Mortar
materials, oxide formation takes place, and - To bind building units such as stone, bricks.
clinker is formed. - In pointing and painting.
-grinding-clinkers formed are added with2-3% - To form an even and soft bedding surface for
of gypsum to avoid hydration, then mixture is building units.
sent to ball mills to form fine powder, their it is - In joints of pipes.
stored in silos and later it is packed and - To hide open joints of brickwork or stonework.
distributed. - To improve general appearance of the
structure.
B. Wet process
- preparation of raw material-clay and  Classification of Mortar
limestone are crushed and sent to wet grinding A. Based on bulk density
mills with rotary arms there water is added to i. Heavy mortar-prepared from heavy quartz or
the mixture and it is blended well to form slurry, other sand, bulk density >=15kn/m3.
air is blown in reverse direction to avoid ii. Light-weight motar- prepared from light
settlement. porous sand, bulk density <15kn/m3.
-burning and clinker formation-the mixture is
sent to rotary kiln with high temperature for B. Based on binding material
burning. The rotary kiln is mounted such that i. Lime mortar-lime is used as binding material,
the upper end has lower temperature and lower shrink little, unsuitable for waterlogged area.
ii. Surkhi mortar-prepared by using surkhi B. Based on bulk density-
instead of sand. i. Extra light weight-<500 kg/m3
iii. Cement mortar-cement to sand ratio varies ii. Light weight-500-1800kg/m3
from 1:2 to 1:6 depending upon strength iii. Dense weight-1800-2500 kg/m3
required. iv. Super heavy weight->2500 kg/m3
iv. Gauged mortar-cement is added to get early
strength in lime mortar with proprtion of 1:6 C. Based on placing of casting
to1:8 by volume. Also known as lime cement i. In-situ concrete
mortar or composite mortar. ii. Precast concrete

C. Based on uses D. Based on grade of concrete

i. Fire resistant mortar-prepared by adding M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M40, M45
aluminous cement to finely crushed powder of
fire bricks in 1:2 proportion, used in ovens.  Manufacturing of concrete
ii. Light weight mortar-prepared by adding saw - involves following process
dust, wood powder to lime or cement mortar, is - Batching-process of measuring materials
heat and sound proof. (cement, sand, water, aggregate) of concrete as
iii. Packing mortar-have high homogeneity, used per mix design is batching (weigh batching or
in joints. volume batching)
iv. Sound absorbing mortar-mixture of portland - Mixing- mixing of materials of concrete to get
cement, lime, gypsum it cancels noise. uniform texture.(hand mixing, machine mixing)
v. X-ray shielding mortar- used in plastering of - Transportation-transported by transit mixer,
X-ray cabinet. concrete pumps, conveyer belt.
- Placing-there should not be any delay once the
D. Based on nature of application mixture is ready for placing.
i. Brick laying mortar- used in brick works or - Compaction-compaction is done to remove
walls. excess air. It is done by different types of
ii. Finishing mortar- used in finishing work as vibrators.
plastering for architectural effects. - Curing-it is process of maintaining moisture
and temperature of concrete for hydration to
gain hardened properties.
9. Concrete (mixture of cement, sand and - Finishing-smoothing and levelling of top
aggregate and water) surface where the concrete is placed to get
 Engineering properties of concrete good appearance.
- High compressive strength
- Corrosion resistance  Advantages of concrete
- More economical than steel. - Lower life cycle cost
- Good binding property. - Can be moulded into shapes.
- Shrink easily. - materials for concrete are easily available.
- Resistance to abrasion. - Free from flaws, unlike natural stones.
- Should be workable. - It is economical.
- Hard, durable, fire proof. - Durable.
- have ability to hold water. - Can be placed on site itself.
- Maintenance cost is negligible.
 Uses of concrete - Resistant to weathering.
- To construct Buildings - Resistant to fire.
- To construct dams.
- To construct roads.  Disadvantages of concrete
- To construct water tanks. - Tensile strength is relatively low.
- To construct concrete lintels. - Concrete is brittle.
- weight of concrete is more than its strength.
 Types/Classification of concrete - Concrete cause efflorecense, due to presence
A. Based on cementing materials of salts.
i. Lime concrete
ii. Gypsum concrete 10. Steel (alloy of iron and carbon)
iii. Cement concrete  Engineering properties / requirement of
steel
- High tensile strength. 12. Bitumen (black liquidy binding material
- High yield strength. obtained by partial distillation of crude oil)
- Resist crushing forces.  Engineering properties of bitumen
- Higher hardness to resist scratching. - waterproof, Insoluble in water.
- Ductile in nature. - Soluble in carbon disulphide.
- Malleable in nature. - Black in colour.
- It is tough. - Viscous in nature.
- Resistance to corrosion. - Have good adhesive properties.
- Good machinability. - Highly ductile.
- Withstand repeatative stress. - Durable but can be affected by climate and
traffic.
 Uses of steel
- Used in RCC work, construction of bridges,  Uses of bitumen
buildings. - In road construction.
- For making components of automobiles. - For roofing.
- Used in making industrial machinaries. - For flooring of barns in farms.
- In manufacturing of pipes forging and - For waterproofing of tanks.
structural components. - As an additive in paint and ink.
- In mobile towers. - Bituminous paint is used for weatherproofing
- In railway tracks. and corrosion resistance.
- In pre-stressed construction.
13. FRP (FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER-consist
 Types of steel fibres and matrix; matrix is thermosetting
i. High carbon steel-used in pre-stressed polymer used to bind fibres, example- polyster,
construction, machinaries. epoxy)
ii. Mild steel- low carbon steel, used in roof  Engineering properties of FRP
coverings, piles, rails. - It is anisotropic (vary in magnitude in different
iii. High tensile steel-used in pre-stressed directions).
concrete construction. - Higher strength in diretion of fibres.
- FRP does not exhibit yielding.
11. Glass (Amorphous substance made from - Brittle in nature.
silica (sand), soda (Na2CO3), lime (CaCO3)) - Transparent to magnetic fields and radar
 Engineering properties of glass frequencies.
- Low thermal resistance, low coefficient of - Electrically and thermally non- conductive.
expansion. - Greater tensile strength than steel.
- Transparent and translucent.
- Absorb, refract, transmit light.  Uses of FRP
- Get affected by alkalies. - In concrete member for resistance againts
- Excellent electrical conductor. corrosion by chloride action.
- Extremely brittle. - In concrete member requiring non ferrous
- Have no crystalline fracture, no sharp melting reference due to electro-magnetic
point. consideration.
- Not affected by air water or chemical reagents. - In mining and tunneling.
- get softened when heated. - As an alternative for galvanized or stainless
steel rebars.
 Uses of glass - Applications requiring thermal non-
- In windows, glass doors. conductivity.
- Soda lime glass- used in manufacturing of glass
tubes, lab apparatus, plate glass, window glass. 14. Composites (combination of two or more
- Potash lime glass- used in manufacturing of constituent material with different physical and
glass articles which have to withstand high chemical properties)
temperature.  Engineering properties of composite
- Potash lead glass- used in manufacturing of material.
artificial gem, electric bulb, lenses, prism. - Strong-high stiffness to weight ratio
- Common glass- used in manufacturing of - Light-weight in nature.
medicine bottle. - Resistance to corrosion.
- Good thermal ability.
- resistance to wear.
- Good damage tolerance.
- Superior fatigue life.

 Uses of Composite materials.

- In reinforcement and repair work of concrete
structures.
- Thermoplastic composites are used in water
utilities.
- In buildings to protect from impact damages.
- In auto-mobiles.
- In storage tanks.