Animal Science 11

Introduction to Animal Science

Man, Animals & Ecosystems
 Man’s role in relation to plants & animals defined
in Genesis 1:28-29:
“ Be fertile & multiply... fill the earth & subdue it. Have
dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air and
over all the things that move on earth.”

 God also said:

“See, I give you every seed-bearing plant all over the
earth & every tree that has seed-bearing fruit on it to be
your food; and to all the animals of the land, all the birds of
the air and all the living creatures that crawl on the ground,
I give all the green plants for food.”
 In the beginning: man need not cultivate land
& herd animals for food.

 course of Man’s existence: nature’s bounty

seems not enough to satisfy needs, hence,
man started to domesticate animals for steady
supply of food.
 Ecosystems
Plants: food producer

 convert energy of sun (thru photosynthesis)

into carbohydrates (CHO);

 Fix N2 from atmosphere & w/ other elements

of air, H2O and soil convert them to protein
(CHON)
Animals & Man : Food Consumers

 Consume plants directly or indirectly for

energy, growth & reproduction.

 Animals also serve as sources of food energy

for man but are poor food producers.

Classification of food consumers:

a) Herbivores
b) Carnivores
c) Omnivores
Animals and their Economic Utility
Notwithstanding the relative inefficiency as food
producer, animals :

 important components of the food production

system;

 help enhance the ability of an agricultural

system to produce food for man.
 Animal Attributes/ Importance:

1) Animals feed on & convert plants/ crop by-

products & biomass waste/ residues into quality
protein (CHON).
 animal protein of better quality than plant CHON.

2) Animal products are more digestible & nutritious

(chemical composition resembles man’s dietary
requirement).
3) Source of Clothing.
 Livestock provide fiber & skins for the
production of clothing.

4) Source of power.
 Livestock as draft animals; means of transport.

5) For Recreation / Amusement.

 Racing, horseback riding, Livestock shows &
fairs.
6) For Soil Conservation & fertility. Animal manure
beneficial because it:

1. conserves moisture;
2. enhance growth of beneficial microorganisms;
3. maintain proper soil pH suitable for plant
growth; and
4. binds the soil particles to minimize soil erosion
due to wind and water.
7) Stabilize Farm Economy.
 help bring stability to farm business;

 makes good use of the resources already

available to farmers;

 augment income;

 helps to spread the risks involved in farming;

 Both labor & income are spread more evenly

throughout the year.
8) Source of good /quality animal by - products
 Animal by – products - any product from the animal
carcass other than meat.

a)Edible by-products:
 brain, tongue, offals / giblets (kidneys heart, intestines)
 Oleo stearine (from fat) – used in the manufacture of candy
& gums;
 gelatin from hooves, horns, bones & hides – for gelatin
desserts, marshmallows, canned meats & ice cream.
b) Inedible by products:

1) Hides – for leather goods (clothing, belts, shoes,

purses, furniture, drum heads & sports equipment)

2) Inedible fats – production of cosmetics, waxes,

soap, lubricants & printing ink.

3) Bones, horns & hooves – used in making glue,

buttons, bone china, camera film, sandpaper, dice,
piano keys, wallpaper & toothbrushes.
4) Hair – used in making brushes, rug padding,
house insulation & upholstering materials for
furniture.

5) Blood meal, meat and bone scraps – animal

feeds.

C. Source of pharmaceutical products for

human use:

 hormones from animal endocrine glands / organs:

a) Insulin (pancreas) – treatment of diabetes
b) Cortisone ( adrenal glands) – rheumatoid arthritis,
gout, some allergies, diseases of the connective
tissue.

c) Epinephrine (adrenal glands) – for some allergies,

relieve symptoms of hay fever & asthma.

 Thrombin (blood)- coagulant during surgery, skin-

graft operations, ulcers.

 Heparin (lungs) – prevent blood clotting, help

prevent heart attacks.
5. Other by products - used in the
manufacture of perfumes, fertilizers, candles,
lanolin & glycerine.
 Table 2. Farm Animals and Principal Uses
Species Scientific Name Main Uses
MAMMALS
Horse Equus caballus Traction, transport & amusement
Ass Equus asinus Traction & transport
Mule (hybrid of male ass and mare) Traction & transport
Camel Camelus dromedarius Transport
Cattle (no Bos taurus Meat, milk, hide, Traction &
hump) transport
Cattle (w/ Bos indicus Meat, milk, hide, Traction &
hump) transport
Buffalo Bubalus bubalis Meat, milk, hide, Traction &
transport
Sheep Ovis aries Meat, milk and hair (wool)
Goat Capra hircus Meat, milk and hair (mohair)
Pigs Sus scrofa/Sus domesticus meat
Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Meat & skin
 Table 1. Farm Animals and their Uses (cont)
Species Scientific Name Main Uses

AVIANS

Chicken Gallus gallus (wild jungle fowl) Meat, eggs and

Gallus domesticus (domestic) amusements
Duck (Mallard) Anas platyrynchos Meat & eggs

Duck (Muscovy) Cairina moschata Meat & eggs

Goose Anser domesticus Meat & eggs

Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Meat & eggs

Pigeon Columbia livia Meat and amusements

Quail Coturnix coturnix Meat & eggs

Guinea Fowl Numida meleagris Meat

 Scope of Animal Science
Animal Science Definition:

The art, science & industry of breeding,

care & management, and the marketing and
processing of animals and their products for
the purpose of obtaining profit from the
enterprise.
Animal Science as an ART:

 Art is applied in the selection of animals;

 animals are selected on the basis of beauty

/ aesthetic value in addition to production
performance.

 Breeders breed animals not only based on

efficiency of production but also for “beauty.”
Animal Science as a Science:
 Science: a well ordered & systematic body of knowledge.

 Research / Experimentation – done to gather data to

determine efficiency of production of farm animals & as
bases of selecting desirable animals for breeding.

 Experimentation to ascertain:
1) Adaptability
2) efficiency of performance;
3) Systems of management to use;
4) Inheritance of desirable traits
5) animal health
Animal Science as an Industry:
 Combines art and science to make animal
production a profitable activity.

 Make right decisions to make the enterprise

“economic” & stay competitive in the market.

 Proper knowledge of breeding, feeding,

management systems based on updated
information & desirable marketing practices must
combine harmoniously to attain desired profit.
Animal Science and Animal Industry:
 Continued viability & progress of Animal Industry
depends on how it is able to respond successfully well on
the changing conditions of the biological, physical, socio-
economic and political environments.

 Technological Advances that had economically improved

the health & performance of animals, thus, animal
production:
1. development of more efficient & productive breeds &
varieties of animals thru breeding;
2. discovery of cheaper /more nutritious feed materials;
3. Invention of new drugs / feed additives
4. new systems of housing
5. new innovations in the care & mgt of animals;
6. more economical processing of animal
products;

 Enabled different segments of the industry to

fully & economically utilize available resources.
 Tech-options offered

Housing --- Pasture

elevated with establishment
“goat rooms”

Stallfeeding Concentrate
with grasses, Supplementat’n
tree leaves,
etc

Upgrading Strategic
with Anglo Deworming
Nubian or Boer

Source: Slide Presentation of Dr. Edwin C. Villar, PCARRD director during the RED Goat
Festival at ISU, Echague
 1940’s - Phil. Animal Industry a backyard & self
subsistence production system.

 Thru technological advances, had grown into specialized

but highly interdependent segments.

 Rapid growth & industrialization - dependence on

imported inputs (feedstuffs, veterinary drugs &
chemicals, equipment & breeding stocks).

 Livestock Industry principally produces:

1. Carabao 2. cattle 3. hogs 4. chicken
Hog & chicken production systems:
 depends heavily on commercially-mixed feeds;
 more intensive production system & commercially
oriented;
 Located mostly close to urban areas.

Large Ruminants (Cattle & Buffaloes) and Small

Ruminants (Goat and Sheep):
 Subsist mainly on grasses, roughages/ crop residues;
 Raised mainly by smallholder farmers in rural areas thru
extensive production system/ traditional practices.
traditional
goat
raising

Source: Slide Presentation of Dr. Edwin C. Villar, PCARRD director during the RED Goat
Festival at ISU, Echague
 . . . a poor man’s asset
Source: Slide Presentation of Dr. Edwin C. Villar, PCARRD director during the RED Goat
Festival at ISU, Echague
 Raised thru “BND” management…

“Bahala Na ang Diyos”

Source: Slide Presentation of Dr. Edwin C. Villar, PCARRD director during the RED Goat
Festival at ISU, Echague
No breeding plan…
breeders are seldom selected and mating is random
Source: Slide Presentation of Dr. Edwin C. Villar, PCARRD director during the RED Goat
Festival at ISU, Echague
 …survivor
ako!

Seldom provided shelter

Source: Slide Presentation of Dr. Edwin C. Villar, PCARRD director during the RED Goat
Festival at ISU, Echague
High morbidity, mortalities…
- lack of knowledge and skills and gov’t program on goat
- no pricing system
Source: Slide Presentation of Dr. Edwin C. Villar, PCARRD director during the RED Goat
Festival at ISU, Echague
 …pulutan sa inuman
Source: Slide Presentation of Dr. Edwin C. Villar, PCARRD director during the RED Goat
Festival at ISU, Echague
 Impact of past practices
Low priority
Gov’t Prog

Lack of
knowledge No breeding
Diseases plan
High Low quality
Mortality breeders
Wide
Low
Performance
Productivity
Variability

Low
Profitability
Source: Slide Presentation of Dr. Edwin C. Villar, PCARRD director during the RED Goat
Festival at ISU, Echague
 Allied enterprises by PCARRD
core enterprise:
Meat goat Milk?
enterprise

Breeder stock Buck for

enterprise (doe hire
or buck-lines) enterprise

Forage legume
nursery UMMT
enterprise enterprise

Source: Slide Presentation of Dr. Edwin C. Villar, PCARRD director during the RED Goat
Festival at ISU, Echague
 Challenge in Animal Science:

To be able to meet our need for food

and other essential products from
animals in a most economical and
efficient system of production without
endangering our environment.
Thank you for listening!