Introduction

CHAPTER I
 Man, Animals and Ecosystems

In the beginning, man did not cultivate the land nor
herd animals
Relied on the earth’s resources e.g fruits, animals ,
fish and eggs
In the course of his existence, he felt natures bounty
was not enough to satisfy him
He cultivated the land and herded animals
 Man, Animals and Ecosystems

In spite of working on his land, famine came

People went hungry and many perished
As part of this ecological setting, man and animals
had much to do with it
In an ecosystem the continued growth of plants and
animals depends on the maintenance of the balance
between the food producers and the food consumers
 Man, Animals and Ecosystems

Plants(producers)
Convert solar energy into CHO(p-synthesis)
Fix nitrogen from the atmosphere
Elements of air, water and soil convert them into
proteins
Plants are therefore producers of energy and proteins
 Man, Animals and Ecosystems

Animals
Directly or indirectly consume plants and for their
energy, growth and reproduction.
Types of consumers
Herbivores- feed on plants
Carnivores- feed on other animals
Omnivores- feed on both plants and animals
 Man, Animals and Ecosystems

Animal return part of the nutrients back to the soil, and

eventually to the plants
The amount is much less than what they got from the
plants
Much of the energy they get from plants are dissipated
to the atmosphere during respiration
Thus growth of animal population could introduce
imbalance in the ecosystem in a way that could deplete
the vegetation
 Solar energy
Heat loss to
environment water

Photosynthesizing
Atmospheric plants Gaseous
Nitrogen (Producers) products
Fixed
N2 Soil
nutrient
s
N2 fixing
bacteria
Dead Decayed organisms
humus
animals

excreta
consumers Leached
Respired Herbivores
gases Heat loss nutrients to
Carnivores
omnivores from body to soil
environment

Diagram of inter-relationships of the components of an ecosystem

 Man, Animals and Ecosystems
In a pastoral system and where the re growth of
vegetation is left entirely to nature
Land can be overgrazed
Increase in animal population would make
vegetation no opportunity to recover
Areas of lush vegetation would become deserts
 Animal and Their Economic Utility

Despite the relative inefficiency of animals in the

production of food, they are important components of
the food production system.
Animals have the following distinctive attributes that
enhance the ability of an agricultural system to
produce food for man
 Animal and their economic utility

1. Animals can feed on and convert plants and other

materials which would have gone to waste, into rich
human food
2. Animal products have chemical composition that
closely resemble man’s dietary requirement and
therefore more digestible and nutritious
 Animal and their economic utility

In crop production, only a fraction of biomass are fit

for human consumption
e.g. In rice production-1/2 of entire biomass harvested
are grains, the rest are highly cellulosic straws that
can only be consumed as feed by ruminants like cattle
and carabao.
Includes the processing of rice grains into polished
rice, by products like rice bran can only be eaten by
animals
 Animal and their economic utility

Other plant biomass wastes

Straws, stovers, hays, grasses and leaves of other
crops
Animals would convert them into highly
concentrated protein foods like milk meat and eggs
that are highly digestible and nutritious to man.
 Animal and their economic utility

Food for plants may contain protein but their

chemical composition are quite different from that of
man
Lower quality compared to that of animals
Man like the distinctive flavor of animal food
products
Animal food products will always be prime food item
in the human diet
 Animal and their economic utility

While food is the most important contribution of animals to

human welfare animals have been domesticated by man also
to provide him with the following:
 Skinand hairs for clothing and shelter
 Animal power for transport and traction

 Beauty/ grace for man’s amusement and companion ship

 Horns for glue

 Bones and offals for fertilizer and feed

 Feathers as insulated clothing, etc

Animal Agriculture and the Population Problem

Even as the animals that are commonly raised for food are already
quite intensively produced, they are not enough to meet the worlds
protein needs
In 1968, FAO animal food protein production was
 40.70 M tons
 72.8% were from livestock

 Remainder from aquatic animals

With a human population of 3.5 B of that year

Average per capita animal protein- 11.6 kg/year or 32g/day
This is less than half of the normal requirement of 70-75g/day
Animal Agriculture and the Population Problem

For Filipinos (1973-1976)

 61 grams of protein per capita/day
 Only 13.4 or 22% came from farm animals

 Fish 28%

 Cereals 43%

 Other food sources 7%

The rate of increase of Filipinos is already overtaking the growth in

livestock population in the Philippines
 Animal Agriculture and the Population Problem

In other developing countries where resources are still abundant, the
potential for supplying the animal protein requirement for its growing
population still exist.
In the Philippines, it is estimated that the present grassland resources
can support more than twice the present cattle and carabao population
Agri-by-products if utilized could support additional millions of these
animals.
Development of production systems to efficiently use these resources
and
Improvement of socio-political conditions in the countryside are
necessary to attain this goal
Animal Agriculture and the Population Problem

In highly developed countries such as those in North

America and Western Europe, tremendous improvement in
animal productivity have been attained because of the
application of modern science and technology in their
production systems.
In spite of the population increase and contraction of
agricultural land, they have been able to produce more
animal products than they required.
Animal Agriculture and the Population Problem

The continued viability and progress of the animal industry

depends on how it is able to respond successfully to the
changing conditions of the
 Biological

 Physical

 Socio political and

 Political environments

Advances in animal science keeps the industry responsive to

these environmental changes:
 Animal Agriculture and the Population Problem

Development of more efficient and productive breeds and

varieties of animals through breeding
Cheaper and more nutritious feed materials for animal feed
New drugs and feed additives
New systems of housing and management that improves the
health and performance of animals
 cheaper and more economical processing of animal
products
 Animal Agriculture and the Population Problem

Through technological advances in animal science the

animal industry in the Philippines developed from a
backyard and semi subsistence production system in the
40’s and 50’s to the present multi billion industry consisting
of specialized but highly inter-dependent segments
The adoption of new production technologies and the
subsequent rapid growth and industrialization the
Philippine animal industry became dependent on imported
inputs like feedstuffs, veterinary drugs and chemicals,
equipment and breeding stocks.
 Breeding stock
Feed millers importation

I Breeder
m Farms
p
o
r Vet drugs and
t other input middlemen processors market
a suppliers
t
i
o Production
n Farms

Livestock
equipment
supplier
Schematic diagram of the Philippine Animal Industry
Animal Agriculture and the Population Problem

The livestock industry at present produces carabao, cattle, hogs and

chicken
Other livestock species like goat, sheep and ducks are also raised in
some parts of the country but not significantly contribute to the
protein supply of the country
 Hogs provide at least 60% of the domestic meat production
 Chicken at 15 %

 Carabao and cattle at 20 %

The country is relatively self sufficient in chicken , eggs and pork but
imports beef
 Animal Agriculture and the Population Problem

Hogs and chicken production systems are heavily

dependent on commercially mixed feeds
More intensive and commercially oriented
Located close to urban centers
Cattle, carabaos and goats, subsists mainly on
grasses and roughage
Raised mainly by smallholder farmers in the rural
areas.
 Animal Agriculture and the Population Problem

In animal science, the challenge to all of us is to

be able to meet our need for food and other
essential products from animals in a most
economical and efficient system of production
without endangering our environment.
WHAT IS ANIMAL SCIENCE?
- Science and business of producing
domestic animal species, including but
not limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle,
horses, poultry, sheep and swine; also
concerned with foods of animal origin:
meat, dairy foods and eggs (ASAS).
 ANIMAL SCIENTIST
- applies principles of the biological,
physical and social sciences to the
problems associated with livestock
production and management
(ASAS)
 Scientific Names
• Chicken – Gallus gallus
• Mallard duck – Anas platyrhynchos
• Muscovy duck – Cairina moschata
• Goose – Anser domesticus
• Turkey – Meleagris gallopavo
• Pigeon – Columba livia
 Scientific Names
• Quail – Coturnix coturnix
• Guinea fowl – Numida meleagris
• Pig – Sus scrofa
• Cattle (no hump) – Bos taurus
• Cattle ( with hump) – Bos indicus
• Buffalo – Bubalus bubalis
• Sheep – Ovis aries
• Goat – Capra hircus
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
I.Cattle and carabao

• Bull – male breeding ox of any age

• Bull calf – young male under one year of age
• Bullock – a stag for draft purposes
• Calf – young ox of either sex, under one year
of age
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
• Cattle –domesticated bovine animals
• Cow – mature female ox, one that has already
given birth
• Carabull – mature male carabao
• Caracow – mature female carabao, one that has
already given birth
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
• Caraheifer – young female carabao under three
years of age, one that has not yet given birth
• Heifer – young female ox under three years of age,
one that has not yet given birth
• Proven sire – a bull that has sufficient information
indicating its transmitting ability
• Ox – member of the bovine family, or sometimes the
male used for draft purposes
• Stag – male ox castrated aftersexual maturity
• Steer – male ox castrated before sexual maturity
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
II.Horse
• Broodmare – a female horse used for breeding
• Colt – young male horse, usually up to three years of
age
• Equtation – horsemanship, theart of horseback
riding
• Filly – young female horse, usually up to three years
of age
• Foal – young horse of either sex below 1year of age
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
• Gelding – male horse castrated while young
• Mare – mature female horse
• Ridgling – stallion with only one testis or none in its
scrotum
• Stallion – mature male horse
• Stud horse – a stallion used for breeding
• Yeld mare or dry mare – a mature female horse
that has not produced any offspring during the
breeding season
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
• III.Swine
• Boar – mature intact male pig
• Barrow – male pig castrated while young, before
the development of its secondary sex
characteristics
• Gilt – young female pig up to one year of age,
usually one that has not yet given birth
• Litter – a group of pigs born in one farrowing
• Litter size – the number of piglets born in one
farrowing
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
• Shote – young pigs of either sex weighing
approximately 60 kg
• Sow – mature female pig, one that has given birth
• Stag – male pig castrated after
sexual maturity
• Suckling – young pigs from birth up to weaning
• Weanling – young pigs weaned from the sow, about
five weeks old
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
• IV.Sheep and goat
• Billy goat or buck – male goat of any age
• Doe – female goat of any age
• Ewe – female sheep of any age
• Fleece – wool covering the sheep
• Kid – young goat of either sex below one year old
• Lamb – young sheep of either sex below one year of
age
• Pelt – wool and skin of sheep
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
• Ram – male sheep of any age for breeding purposes
• Shearling – yearling sheep with two teeth
• Wether goat – male goat castrated before the
development of its secondary sex characteristics
• Wether sheep – male sheep castrated while
young, preferably between 1 and 3 weeks of age
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
V. Poultry (chicken, duck, muscovy, turkey,
quail, goose)
• Capon – a caponized male, readily distinguished by
undeveloped comb and wattles
• Chick – young chicken while in thedown stage
• Chicken – one of the more common poultry
species different from turkey, goose, etc.
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
• Cockerel – a male fowl less than oneyear old
• Drake – a male duck
• Duck – a female duck
• Duckling – young duck in the down stage
• Poult – the young of the domestic turkey,
properly applied until sex can be
distinguished
 ANIMAL SCIENCE TERMS
• Poultry – collective term for all domestic birds
rendering economic service to man; also
refer to dressed fowl carcass
• Plumage – the feathers of a fowl
• Pullet – a female fowl less than one year old
• Rooster – a male fowl one year old or over
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Parturition – the act of giving birth
• Calving – in cows
• Farrowing – in sows
• Foaling – mares
• Kidding – in goats
• Lambing – in ewes
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Conception – act of fertilization
• Dam – female parent
• Fecundity/Prolificacy – ability to give birth to
offspring frequently or to numerous young at
frequent intervals
• Fertility – ability to produce fertilizable ova and to
provide proper environment for and initiating cell
division and embryonic development; ability to
produce large number of sperms capable of
fertilization
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Gestation – pregnancy time from conception to
birth
• Impotency – failure to copulate
• Puberty – sexual maturity, as exhibited by
first heat or ovulation
• Sire – the male parent
• Sterility – inability to produce normal young
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Transmitting ability – the ability of an animal
to pass on either good or bad
traits to its progeny
• Weaning – the process of separating the young
from its dam
• Weanling – young animal after separation from
its dam
• Anatomy – the study of form and structure of
animals
The Physiology of Farm Animals

CHAPTER II
Definition of Physiology

Physiology
The study of function of the parts or organ systems of the
body
Study of function of living matter
Explains the physical and chemical factors that are
responsible for the origin, development and progression of
life
Provide knowledge on the structure and function of the body,
and care of the body
What is Homeostasis

Homeostasis
A key word in modern physiology.
 It is used to mean the maintenance of static or constant conditions
in the internal environment
E.g.
 Temperature of the body remains relatively constant at 37◦C
 Essentially al the organs and tissues perform functions that help maintain this
constant condition.
What is Homeostasis

 Animals kept alive by the coordination of the functions of the different organ
systems
 For example

 The lungs or respiratory system provides Oxygen for the metabolic activities
of the cells
 The gut or the digestive system provides the nutrients
 The heart or the circulatory system circulates the blood that carries oxygen,
hormones and nutrients
 The excretory system for proper disposal
 The nervous and endocrine system perform the control and coordination
and integration of the functions of other organs
 The Nervous System

Controls the rapid activities of the body

 muscular contraction
 secretion of some endocrine glands
 heart rate
 respiration rate
 gastro intestinal motility to name a few.

Your rapid reflex to avoid danger is due to nervous system activities

 Basic unit of the Nervous System

The nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal

cord and the nerves
 The nerve cells or neurons specialize in the impulse
conduction or the relay of messages from effector organs to
the nervous system and vice versa.
the human brain contains about 100 billion neurons or
about the same number of stars in the galaxy
 Types of Neurons

1. Afferent (sensory) neuron- transmit nerve impulses from effector

organ to the spinal cord or brain
2. Efferent (motor) neuron- transmit impulses away from the brain or
spinal cord or towards muscles or glands (effector organs)
3. Interneuron- conduct impulses from an afferent to an efferent neuron
within the central nervous system which is made up of the brain and
the spinal cord
 Structure of a Neuron

Cell body  Axon-single process that extends

out from the cell body
Axon and dendrites- threadlike
 Distal end of dendrites of sensory
extensions from the cell body
neuron receive the stimuli
often called nerve fibers
 Neurons do not come in direct
contact with one another there is a
small gap between them
Synapse- gap between nerve cells,
where nerve impulses are
transmitted from one nerve cell to
another
The Central Nervous System

T h e b r a i n a n d t h e s p i n a l c o r d
jointly control the activities of the
skeletal or voluntary muscles and
the involuntary or smooth muscles
in response to stimuli in their
environment.
Information about the internal and
external environment reaches the
CNS via the sensory receptors that
convert various forms of energy
into an action potential or nerve
impulse in the neurons.
 Central Nervous System

Sensory receptor could be a part of a neuron forming a

sense organ
Forms of energy converted by the receptors
 Mechanical energy- touch or pressure
 Thermal energy- degrees of warmth

 Electromagnetic energy- light

 Chemical energy- odor/ taste

Adequate stimulus- the particular form of energy to which a receptor

is most sensitive or which is able to evoke an action potential
 Central Nervous System

The sensory modalities( the various sense organs of the body)

Smell
Vision
Hearing
Cutaneous senses with receptors in the skin to monitor
touch-pressure, cold , warmth and pain
 The sensation evoked by the impulses generated by a specific
receptor is interpreted by a specific part of the brain which it
ultimately activates
 The Somatic Nervous System

The striated or skeletal muscles of the body are innervated

by the somatic division of the nervous system
Brings about quick adjustments of the muscles to the
changes of the environment
 Burn fingers- receptors transform this stimulus to nerve impulse,
carried by nerve fibers to the spinal cord, which in turn send nerve
impulse by way of efferent fibers to the muscles of the hand causing
the finger to be removed from the source of heat
 The Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system like the somatic has afferent

components, central integrating stations, and effectors
pathways
The glands and visceral musculature of the body receive
efferent fibers from the ANS.
The adjustments in the gland and visceral musculature are
made by means of chemical mediators.( acetyl choline,
epinephrine and nor epinephrine)
 The Autonomic Nervous System

Two major divisions of the ANS

Sympathetic – the cell bodies of the neuron are
contained in the gray matter of the thoracic and
lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
Parasympathetic- cell bodies of the neurons are
situated within the mid brain, hind brain and sacral
region of the spinal cord
The Autonomic Nervous System
 The Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system directs all activities

of the body that occur without a person’s conscious
control, such as breathing and food digestion.
sympathetic division -most active in times of
stress
parasympathetic division-controls maintenance
activities and helps conserve the body’s energy.
 The Endocrine System

The endocrine glands secrete chemical mediators called

hormones that regulate growth and development,
metabolism, reproduction, stress responses, body and tissue
fluid balance
Endocrinology- a branch of physiology which deals with the
coordination of various body tissues by chemical mediators
produced by restricted areas of the body and transported
through the circulatory system to the organ or tissue on
which they exert their effect.
 The Endocrine System

Hormone – a substance or chemical mediator produced by the

endocrine glands and carried by the blood to some distant part of the
body where it exerts its effect
Ø Do not initiate reaction, it only excite or inhibit the ongoing cell
reaction
Ø Effective in minute amounts
Ø Facilitates the passage of important metabolites
Ø Not secreted in regular amounts
 The Endocrine System

Hormones may be classified as simple protein, glycoprotein

and steroids but they all have common characteristics and
functions:
 Hormones appear to regulate rather than initiate reaction
 Hormones are effective in bio-catalytic amounts

 Hormones are not secreted in uniform rates

 Hormones are inactivated rapidly either at the site where it exerts

its effect or at some other glands or organs
 Hormones are transported through the circulatory system or blood
stream
 The Endocrine System

Hypophysis or Pituitary
Gland
This is located at the base of
the brain in a concavity of the
sphenoid bone called sella
turcica, which protects it from
outside pressure. It has three
lobes or portion
 The Endocrine System

Three lobes of the pituitary gland

a) Anterior pituitary lobe or Adenohypophysis
b) Intermediate lobe or Pars intermedia
c) Posterior Pituitary lobe or neurohypophysis

The adenohypophysis secretes the following hormones

1. Growth hormone or somatotropic hormone (STH)- promotes
growth of the long bones before the epiphyseal –diaphyseal plate is
fused together in adulthood
 The Endocrine System

Gigantism- over secretion

of STH before adulthood
Acromegally -over
secretion of STH after
adulthood
Dwarfism- deficiency of
STH before adulthood
 The Endocrine System
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal
cortex to produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol, cortisone
and corticosterone
3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)- stimulates the thyroid
gland to secrete thyroid hormones T3 and T4
4.Prolactin or Luteotropic Hormone- stimulates milk secretion
in lactating mammary gland
5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- stimulates the ovary to
produce Graffian follicle and maintains the integrity of the
seminiferous tubules of the testis
 The Endocrine System

6. Luteinizing hormone (LH)- stimulates the ovary to produce

Graffian follicle and the formation of the corpus luteum;
production of progesterone by the CL. In the male it
stimulates the cells of Leydig to produce testosterone
The intermediate lobe secretes MSH or melanophore
stimulating hormone to change skin color of reptiles and
amphibians.
 The Endocrine System

The neurophysis secretes two hormones:

1. Oxytocin- stimulates milk ejection in lactating
females
2. Vasopressin or antidiuritic Hormone (ADH)-
important in conserving water by reducing urine
formation
 The Endocrine System

Thyroid Gland
Located at the neck area just below the larynx
Two lobes of thyroid connected to each other by a bridge of tissue
called isthmus
Made up of follicles which are filled with colloids
It secretes Thyroxin T4 and triodo thyroxin T3
Both stimulates oxygen consumption of most of the cells of the body
Regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
Necessary for normal growth and maturation
 The Endocrine System

The thyroid gland is not essential for life but in its

absence there is poor resistance to cold, mental and
physical slowing, mental retardation and
dwarfism(cretinism).
Conversely excess thyroid secretion leads to body
wasting, nervousness, tremor and excess heat
production.
 The Endocrine System

Common disease associated with over activity of the thyroid

gland
Thyroxicosis- Graves’ disease(exophtalmic goiter)
caused by thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins
High circulation of T3 and T4 inhibits Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone thus TSH circulation is depressed
Swelling of the rigid bony walls of the orbits (pushes
eyeballs forward
 The Endocrine System
In the case of
hypothyroidism such as
simple goiter, there is
lack of thyroxin secretion
due to lack of iodine in the
diet
Iodine important
component of thyroxin,
iodine deficiency will result
to thyroxin deficiency
 The Endocrine System
Pancreas
Located at the duodenal loop of
the small intestine
Functions as exocrine and
endocrine
Exocrine -secrete pancreatic juice
by the acinar cells
Endocrine – secretes hormones by
the cells of the islets of langer
hans found throughout the
pancreas
 The Endocrine System

Hormones secreted by the pancreas

Glucagon (by the alpha cells)- responsible in increasing
blood sugar level
Insulin (by the beta cells)- lowers blood glucose level
Insulin facilitates transport of glucose from the blood into the
cells and of the tissues, increasing the glucose utilization by
the cells
Glucagon- catabolic function- mobilize glucose, fatty acids
and amino acids in the blood stream
 The Endocrine System

Excess of Insulin
 Causeshypoglycemia
 Convulsions and coma

Deficiency causes diabetes mellitus

Excess of glucagon makes diabetes even worse

Deficiency causes hypoglycemia
 The Endocrine System

Adrenal Gland
Two endocrine organs in the adrenal gland
1. Adrenal medulla (inner)
a. Epinephrine hormone
b. Nor epinephrine
2. Adrenal Cortex (outer)
a. Aldosterone- regulate Sodium metabolism by reabsorbing Na from
the kidney tubules
b. Glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone) stimulates
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
 The Endocrine System

Secretion of glucocoticoids is controlled by ACTH

Decrease in glucocorticoids –increase in ACTH stimulates
production of glucocorticoids
Increase in glucocorticoids inhibit ACTH secretion
Secretion of aldosterone not controlled by ACTH but by
blood pressure
Low blood pressure- stimulates adrenal cortex to produce
aldosterone which act on kidney tubules to reabsorb Na and
H2O to increase blood pressure
 The Endocrine System

Parathyroid Gland
2 distinct cells making up the parathyroid
1. Chief cells- secrete parathyroid hormone
2. Oxyphyll cells- unknown function

Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)- mobilizes Ca from bone and

increase phosphate excretion which increases blood
calcium level
 The Endocrine System

Hyperparathyroidism – due to hyper secretion of a

functioning tumor in humans characterize by hypercalcimia
and hypophosphatemia.
There is demineralization of the bones and resulting to
calcium containing kidney stones.
 Rickets-demineralization of bones in young animals
 Osteomalacia- in adults
 Osteoporosis-decrease in bone mass

These bone diseases manifests severe Vitamin D deficiency

 The Endocrine System

Calcitonin or also known as Thyrocalcitonin is a hormone

that lowers calcium level in the blood , thus has an opposite
effect to that of parathormone
Secreted from the thyroid gland in response to a high
calcium level in the blood
Prevent bone resorption(activation of osteoblast cells)
Increase calcium excretion in the urine, which contributes to
lowering of calcium in blood