PROF. JOAN R.

RAROGAL • Internal anatomy and physiology (Cells

Assistant Professor III and tissues; nervous system and ethology;
Fellow, USDA-FEP, University of endocrine system; cardiovascular system;
Tennessee Knoxville, U.S.A. Chief, respiratory system; excretory system and
Livestock and Poultry thermoregulatory physiology)
TOPIC III: Comparative Digestive Anatomy
Course Description - Significance and of Farm Animals
economic importance of animal science • Structure and function of the digestive
in the field of agriculture. Principles of system of monogastric animals
breeding, anatomy and physiology, and • Structure and function of the digestive
nutrition in relation to production, system of ruminant animals
processing, and marketing of animal TOPIC IV: Animal Nutrition
products. • Animal nutrition definition of terms
Course Objectives • Classes of nutrients, functions, and
• recognize the domestic species of deficiency symptoms
animals and appreciate their • Digestion, absorption, and metabolism
contribution to mankind and its TOPIC V: Animal Reproduction
environment; • Male and female reproductive system of
• communicate effectively the farm animals
terminologies used in animal science as • Reproductive phenomena of farm animals
it relates to the industry, management • Reproductive biotechnology
practices, equipment and animals; TOPIC VI: Genetics and Livestock
• develop basic understanding and Improvement
integrate concepts of the science of • Genes and functions
animal growth, nutrition, reproduction, • Phenotype, genotype, and environment
and genetics; and • Genes and population
• demonstrate familiarity with the • Introduction to animal breeding
careers in animal agriculture TOPIC VII: Animal Products and Processing
• Musco-skeletal system of farm animals
TOPIC 1: Introduction to Animal • Proximate composition of meat, milk and eggs
Science and Animal Industry • Slaughtering and processing animals:
• Animals in the ecological systems definition of terms
• Definition of animal science and • Dressing yield of common livestock and
history of animal domestication poultry
• Animals and their economic utility • Meat and milk products
• The animal industry TOPIC VIII: Marketing Farm Animals
• Technical/production terms in animal • Methods of marketing livestock and poultry
science and the industry • Marketing channels of animals and animal
• Career opportunities in the animal products
industry • Slaughtering and processing animals:
• Taxonomy definition of terms
TOPIC II: Anatomy and Physiology of • Problems commonly encountered in
Farm Animals marketing livestock and poultry
• External anatomy of farm animals
Introduction to Animal Science and Animal Industry
Animals in the Ecological System
 Animal Science
 Animal Science is the biological science and management of domestic livestock, including
beef cattle, horses, sheep, swine and companion animals.
 It is concerned with the science and business of producing domestic livestock species
 It is also concerned with foods of animal origin: meat, dairy foods, and eggs.
 In addition, animal science is concerned with aspects of companion animals, including
their nutrition, care, and welfare
- Care, management and production of domestic animals
- Animals used for food, clothing & tools
History of Animal Domestication
Stages
1. Animals and human began living in proximity to one another in symbiotic relationship.
2. Humans began confining animals and providing food shelter, but not controlling
breeding
3. Humans began addressing selective breeding to emphasize desirable behavioral and
physiological traits.
4. Humans continued the selection and development of specific animal breeds that were
genetically isolated from other animals in the species.
 Animals and their Economic Utility
Nutritional Value of Meat - good quality protein – the amount of essential amino acids
present in the meat is enough for the maintenance of the body
ESSENTIAL AA
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

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




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Methionine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Arginine, Leucine, Phenylalanine,
Histidine, Isoleucine, Lysine
NON-ESSENTIAL AA
 Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid,
Glutamine, Glutamic Acid, Cysteine, Glycine,
Proline, Serine, Tyrosine
BENEFITS
 contain necessary vitamins and minerals needed for growth and vital functioning of the body
 it has a high satiety value
 it has a very great savor and palatability because of its rich components
Nutritional Value of Milk
✓ Rich in high quality protein, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, and other B vitamins
✓ Milk protein is one of the highest quality proteins, low in sulfur -containing amino acids,
methionine, and cysteine but rich in lysine
✓ Fat soluble vitamins are heat – stable
Nutritional Value of EGGS
✓ Compact package of well -balanced food nutrients
✓ High protein content, low in carbohydrate, high in Vit. A&D, riboflavin
✓ One chicken egg weighs on the average 50 -60g
BENEFITS PRODUCTS
Food Milk, meat, eggs and other slaughter by
products and processed products.
Clothing Wool, hides, skins and leather
Work Draught power – cultivation, transport of
goods and people, threshing, milling and
pumping power.
Monetary Capital wealth, investment and savings,
income from hiring working animals and
sales of products and animals.
Social Bride price, ceremonial, companionship,
recreational and status
Cultural Asset Integral requirement for cultural activities
Manure Fertilizer (soil ameliorant), fuel and
building material
Industrial uses Feathers, bone meal, glue, soap
production, hormones and bloodmeal.
By products Bones (buttons, glue, mineral supplement
for livestock feed (Calcium))
Fat (chemicals, salves, creams, dressings,
lubricants, soaps, food)
Glands (medicines, food additives);
Collagen (connective tissue in joints) glue
& gelatin) Intestinal & stomach tissue
(lunch meats, surgical sutures, strings for
musical & sports)
 Disposition of the Philippine Poultry and Livestock Industry (A. TECHNICAL NOTES)
Situation Reports (PSA)
- Volume of Production, Inventory by Classification, Monthly average farm gate prices, Top -
producing regions, Value of production
Backyard Livestock and Poultry Survey
➢ aims to generate estimates on the supply and disposition of livestock and poultry
commodities at the household level
Commercial Livestock and Poultry Survey
➢ seeks to generate estimates on the supply and disposition of livestock and poultry
commodities from the sample establishments

Concepts and Definitions of

Terms
Inventory ➢ Refers to the
actual number of heads present
in the farm as of a specific
reference date.
Volume of Production➢ Refers to
the number of tended/raised
animals disposed for slaughter including animals shipped out for slaughter
Farmgate Price ➢ Refers to the price received by raisers for their produce at the location of
the farm
Death/ Losses ➢ the number of animals died due to pests, diseases and calamities
Imports ➢ the number of live animals originating from foreign Imports country
Locally-registered Meat Establishments (LRME) ➢ slaughterhouses, meat processing
plants, meat cutting plants and cold storage that are allowed to operate by the
city/municipal government but are not accredited by the NMIS
Slaughterhouse ➢ premises that are approved and registered by the NMIS and LGUs in
which food animals are slaughtered for human consumption
Slaughtered in Slaughterhouse ➢ the number of animals slaughtered in accredited
(AAA, AA, A) slaughterhouses including number of animals slaughtered in LRMEs
Retail Price ➢ refers to the price at which retailers sell their goods or commodities to
consumers in the marketplace
 Supply and Disposition ➢ a framework that explains the population dynamics of animals
in the farm including born live, imports, deaths and losses, number of animals slaughtered
in the farm/household and sold live for slaughter which serves as supporting information
or indicators of the volume of production estimates
Value of Production ➢ the value of the animal with reference to its farmgate price. It is
derived by multiplying the volume of production by its farmgate price
Wholesale Price ➢ the price of unprocessed agricultural commodities which are traded in
major local/provincial market centers. It is expressed in peso per kilogram

B. FARM CLASSIFICATION

Carabao: Top-producing Regions, 2nd

Quarter 2024
1. Western Visayas - 4.52 thousand
metric tons, liveweight
2. Northern Mindanao, 3.09 thousand metric
tons;
3. Eastern Visayas, 2.95 thousand metric
tons;
4. Davao Region, 2.83 thousand metric tons;
5. Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), 2.38 thousand metric tons.
 TECHNICAL AND PRODUCTION TERMS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE AND THE INDUSTRY
Parturition Act of giving birth

Calving
- Act of giving birth in cows Average Gestation period: 283 days
Farrowing
- Act of giving birth in sows Average Gestation period: 114 days
Kidding
- Act of giving birth in does Average Gestation period: 150 days
Foaling
- Act of giving birth in mares Average Gestation period: 330 days
Lambing
- Act of giving birth in ewes Average Gestation period: 147 days
Queening
- Act of giving birth in pussy / queen Average Gestation period: 63-65 days
Whelping
- Act of giving birth in bitch Average Gestation period: 63 days
A. General Terms
1. Parturition – act of giving birth
a. Calving – act of giving birth in cows
b. Farrowing – act of giving birth in sows
c. Kidding – act of giving birth in does
d. Foaling – act of giving birth in mares
e. Lambing – act of giving birth in ewes
f. Queening – act of giving birth in
pussy/queen
g. Whelping – act of giving birth in bitch
B. Cattle and Carabao
- CATTLE Bos taurus / Bos indicus
- CARABAO Bubalus bubalis carabanensis / Bubalus bubalis

HORSE-
Equus caballus
SWINE (Sus scrofa / Sus domesticus)
BOAR Intact male pig for breeding purposes
SOW Mature female pig, one that has given birth
GILT Young female pig under one year of age,
usually one that has not yet given birth
SHOTE Young pigs of either sex, weighing
approximately 60 kg
BARROW Male pig which was castrated while young;
or a pig that was castrated before the
secondary sex characters have developed
STAG A male pig castrated after sexual maturity
WEANLING Young pigs separated from the sow, about 5
weeks old
Coupling Act of copulation
SUCKLING Young pigs from birth up to weaning
LITTER Group of pigs born in one farrowing
LITTER SIZE The number of young pigs born in one
farrowing
HOG refers to a domestic swine of either sex
especially weighing more than 50 kg
PIG a broad term which usually refers to a
young swine not yet sexually mature
SWINE a term used collectively for any of the stout-
bodied, short-legged, omnivorous mammals
(family suidae) with a long mobile snout
GOAT (Capra hircus) & SHEEP (Ovis aries)
1. BILLY GOAT / BUCK Male goat of any age for breeding
purposes
2. DOE Female goat of any age
3. KID Young goat of either sex below one year of
age
4. WETHER GOAT Male goat castrated before the secondary
sex characters have
5. RAM Male sheep of any age for breeding
purposes
6. EWE Female sheep of any age
7. LAMB Young sheep of either sex below one year
of age
8. WETHER Male sheep which was castrated while
young preferably between one to three
weeks of age
9. SHEARLING Yearling sheep with two teeth
10. FLEECE SHEEP Wool covering the sheep
11. PELT Wool and skin of a sheep
12. SERVING Act of copulation in goat
13. TUPPING Act of copulation in sheep
POULTRY
1. POULTRY A collective term for all domestic birds
rendering economic service to man;
can refer also to dressed carcass of
fowls
2. CHICKEN One of the more common poultry
species different from turkeys, ducks,
geese, etc.
3. CHICK Young chicken while in the down stage
4. ROOSTER A male fowl one year old or over
5. HEN A female chicken
6. COCKEREL A male fowl less than one year old
7. CAPON A caponized male, readily
distinguished by the undeveloped
comb and wattles
8. PULLET A female fowl less than a year old
9. PLUMAGE The feathers of a fowl
10. DRAKE A male duck
11. DUCK / HEN A female duck
12. DUCKLING The young duck in the down stage
13. TOM Male turkey
14. HEN Female turkey
15. POULT The young of the domestic turkey,
properly applied until sex can be
distinguished
16. GANDER Intact male goose
17. GOOSE A female goose
18. GOOSLING A young goose of either gender

COMPANION ANIMALS
1. DOG An intact male canine
2. BITCH A female dog
3. PUP/PUPPY Young dog of any gender
4. KENNEL Group of dog
5. TOM A male cat
6. PUSSY/QUEEN A female cat
7. KITTEN Young cat of any gender
8. CLOWDER Group of cat

MEAT TERMINOLOGIES
- · Word meat is derived from the old English word, “mete” which means for food.
- Meat is defined as the edible parts of a carcass use for food. In common usage,
meat refers to the animal flesh and tissues which are edible.
 Slaughtering
- rendering live animal for human consumption. It includes the processes from fasting,
stunning, bleeding, skinning and evisceration. Other processes includes splitting,
quartering to cutting the carcass into wholesale retail cuts, which is called collectively as
BUTCHERING.
RED MEAT
1. Beef – meat coming from cattle
2. carabeef - meat coming from carabao
3. Mutton - meat coming from sheep
4. Chevon - meat coming from goat
5. Pork - meat coming from pig
6. Horse Meat - meat coming from horse
7. Veal - meat coming from cattle less than 1 year old
8. Venison- meat coming from deer
WHITE MEAT
1. Poultry meat ( chicken, turkey, geese, guinea fowl.
2. Lafan

GAME MEAT
1. meat derived from non- domesticated animals
NON-CONVENTIONAL MEAT
1. meat derived from locusts, earthworms and others

Careers Opportunities in the Animal Industry

Farm Production
✓ People working directly on the farm and with animals
✓ Farmers, managers, veterinarians, etc.
Indirect Employment
✓ Work in any variety of secondary industries that support animal agriculture
✓ Manufacturing of goods
Processing and Marketing
✓ The preparation and promotion of agricultural food and non-food products for
consumption Sales
✓ The sale of agricultural products
✓ Position in pharmaceutical industry providing products for farm production
Suppliers
✓ People providing materials needed for farm production such as machinery, chemicals,
seeds, etc.

Specific Jobs in Animal Agriculture

Agricultural Economist
✓ A person who works within the agricultural industry to assess the impact of the
economic factors affecting agriculture
Agriculture Science and Business Teacher
✓ A person who teaches courses in agricultural science and agricultural business
Animal Behaviorist
✓ A person specializing in studying and understanding animal behavior, and assisting in
solving animal behavior problems
Extension Agent
✓ A person employed by a Cooperative Extension Service to provide an educational link
between a land grant university and a community
Farm Broadcaster
✓ A person who reports farm-related news
Farm Manager
✓ A person who oversees the day-to-day running of an animal agriculture facility
Field Sales Representative
✓ A person who works for a company, usually a feed company or a pharmaceutical
company that markets products to wholesale or retail carriers
Inspector
✓ Examine food products for safety and facilities to ensure that they are meeting federal
and local standards for care and upkeep
Laboratory Technician
✓ A person working in a laboratory that has a relationship with the animal agriculture field.
Researcher
✓ A scientist who discovers new information in an area related to animal agriculture.
TAXONOMY
• Branch of biological science that attempts to classify living forms into some sort of order
and system which can be used to relate “hierarchize” or otherwise identify them and
establish their relationships to each other and to the totality of life.
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species