Introduction to Animal Science 8.

Dairy industry – production, processing, and

 Livestock industry at present principally distribution
produces carabao, cattle, hogs, and chicken. 9. Poultry farms – layers, broilers, duck raisers,
 The other livestock species such as goats and hatchery operation
ducks are raised in practically all parts of the Animal Science and Animal Husbandry
Philippines but do not contribute significantly to Both sciences are directed to improve animal
the protein supply of the country. production and increase profit.
 The country is relatively self-sufficient in Animal husbandry is applied or practical – that is,
chicken, eggs, and pork but imports beef at an commercial farm production level. Application of
average of 4500 tons annually. appropriate technologies is the emphasis to increase
 Hog and chicken production systems which production.
depend heavily on commercially-mixed feeds Animal science is directed towards research activities
are more intensive and commercially-oriented. and technology generation or packaging from the
They are mostly located close to urban centers. results of research activities.
 Cattle, carabaos, and goats subsist mainly on Reasons for Domestication of Animals
grasses and roughages and are raised mainly by  Food
smallholder farmers in the rural areas.  Clothing
 In animals science, the challenge to all of us is to  Working/Draft Animals
be able meet our need for food and other  Hunters
essential products from animals in a most  Pets
economical and efficient system of production  For Ornaments
without endangering our environment. General Characteristics of Domesticated Animals
 Animal Science – refers to the study of other 1. Tame or Docile
fundamental sciences related to animals which 2. They thrive under complete artificial condition –
include nutrition, anatomy, physiology, breeding all the environment of the animal are under the
and genetics, animal health, and environment. control of man.
The study of these related sciences is meant to 3. They reproduce regularly in confinement.
improve animal performance in actual Contributions of Livestock Industry to Agriculture
commercial farm conditions. Sector
 The activities in animal science are focused on 1. Protein source – eggs, pork, beef, etc.
developing technologies (through research, 2. Draft power – cattle, buffalo, etc.
experiments) to improve animal growth and 3. Food reserve – small animals like goat, sheep,
reproductive performance in commercial farms. pig, etc.
Animal Science and Animal Husbandry 4. Capital accumulation – livestock as living bank
 Animal Husbandry- refers to the breeding, of reserve capital of the country.
feeding, care, and management of farm animals 5. Value added – conversion of forage and
for the purpose of making profit. Also known as industrial wastes into high value products.
Zootechnics. 6. Manure – nutrients to plant, also a fuel.
 Animal husbandry is the commercial or business 7. Equity – landless farmers cannot till land to crop
side of animal science. Commercial farms make production.
use of new breeds which are far better and Advantages of Animal Production
superior than earlier breeds. Therefore, more 1. Animal production is a form of progressive
profit as a result of using these new breeds and agriculture – one must keep abreast with the
feedstuff. new trends and research findings in order to
Classes of Animal Husbandman make one’s project competitive. New ways of
 Non-technical animal husbandman – these are improving health status of farm animals are
the raisers of farm animals who do not have evolving to increase production.
formal training in animal production. Knowledge 2. It is the best type of diversified farming – in
is gained through experience. diversified (integrated/multiple) farming, when
 Technical animal husbandman – graduates of the price of one agricultural product falls, the
tertiary and graduate level courses as well as farmer can recover lost income from other
secondary schools. products in the farm.
Careers in Animal Science Diversified farming system activities integrate
1. Feed industry – sales, production animals into the cropping systems.
2. Production industry – large commercial poultry 3. Conversion of plant materials into valuable
and livestock farms products – animals and animal products have
3. Slaughter house employment – meat inspector higher protein than crop products.
4. Food/meat processing Animals eat plants and plant products and
5. Financing – loans, feasibility studies convert these to products of high protein.
6. Research and teaching/extension work Hence, animals have high value for use by
7. Business –agribusiness human beings.
4. Sources of food for the family
 5. Animals improve soil fertility – animal manure Mortality – refers to dead animals
as fertilizer is beneficial because of the following Dressing percentage – how much lean meat is retained
reasons: after slaughter when non-essential parts are removed.
 Organic matter added to the soil helps How much edible carcass is obtained after cleaning of
conserve moisture the carcass is completed.
 They encourage the growth of beneficial Formula:
microorganisms (Dressed or carcass weight/ slaughter or market weight )
 They maintain proper soil pH – suitable for 100
plant growth Polled – an animal that is naturally hornless
 They bind the soil particles to minimize soil Pseudo ruminants – forage-eating animals like the rabbit
erosion due to wind and water. and horse but do not have four-stomach digestive
6. Animal production leads to the utilization of idle system.
or non-arable lands (not fertile and unfit for Draft animal – a work animal – an ox (cattle) or carabao
crop production) (buffalo) used for farm work/farm power.
Non-arable and idle lands with grasses can still Farm animals – those animals raised in the farm that
be grazed by cattle, goats, and sheep. have economic value or benefit to raisers. These are
Poultry and swine projects can also be located also called “food animals” since they are raised as food
on waste lands and rocky areas that cannot be unlike pets.
cultivated for crop production. Flaying – deskinning or process of removing the hide
7. Animal production leads to the utilization of (skin)
land where labor is scarce. Fowl – is a term applied to all poultry species specially
Animal projects are readily adaptable to to designate mature domestic cocks and hens.
mechanization where laborsaving devices can Hoof – the entire foot (not legs) of the animal which is
replace human labor. horny covering (cloven hoof)
Disadvantages of Animal Production Muzzle – the projecting part of the animal head
1. Big capital investment is necessary to start including jaws and nose (for ruminants).
the project. Tether – to tie or fasten an animal and allowed to graze
2. Animal products are perishable – requires in the field or pasture area.
large storage facilities Teat – nipple of the udder; the protuberance of an
3. Diseases cause big losses udder through which the milk passes out.
4. Feed problems – high cost of feeds Brooding – is the rearing (growing, caring for) of chicks
5. Marketing problems either but the mother hen or by brooder where heat is
6. Transportation cost/problem provided by an electric bulb
7. Prices of animals often lag behind those of Stunning – the process of making the animal
feeds unconscious but not dead. (usually electric shock on the
Basic Terminologies in Animal Science head is applied before bleeding the animal).
Livestock – four-footed domestic farm animals kept or Animal Breeding and Reproduction Terminologies
raised in the farm that are useful to mankind and have Gestation period – refers to the period or length of
economic value or benefit pregnancy (conception).
Poultry – refers to the collective term for all Conception – gestation or condition of being pregnant.
domesticated birds rendering economic benefits to Puberty period – refers to the period of sexual maturity.
man. It also refers to dressed carcass of a fowl. This is manifested or noticeable with the onset (start) of
Sire – a father animal (male parent) heat or estrus. (At puberty, the animal begins to show
Dam – a mother animal (female parent) obvious and strong sexual desire or aggressiveness
Ruminant(s) – one of the order of animals having a especially when in its estrus or heat period). Puberty is
stomach with four complete cavities through which food the period when an animal begins to develop the
passes in digestion; these animals chew their cud or secondary sexual characteristics and its reproductive
bolus organs start to function both for male and female
Swine – (porcine)- a domestic hog animal.
Small ruminants – goat and sheep Breed – animals having common origin and
Large ruminants – cattle (ox) and carabao characteristics that distinguish them from other groups
Parturition – the general term for the act of giving birth of animals within the same species.
in farm animals Species – a group of animals having several common
Culling – the process of eliminating or removing characteristics that differentiate them from other
undesirable and non-productive animals in a herd or animals.
flock (group of animals) Example: Cattle: Bos taurus for temperate countries; Bos
Selection – the process of removing the best or indicus for tropical countries
desirable animals in a herd Type – the presumed relationship between animal’s
Cull – refers to old, unproductive animals or young but body conformation (structure or built) and its ability to
undesirable animals from a herd or flock. perform a given function.
Yearling – refers to a male or female animal especially Example: Meat type and dairy type; Layer and broiler
cattle and buffalo, during the first year of its life. type
Skatole – boar taint or boar odor.
Strain – is a subdivision of a breed. These are group of Crytorchidism – a defect involving the failure of both
animals within a particular breed possessing common testicles to descend to the scrotal sac (scrotum) -
characteristics which cryptorchid.
distinguish them from other animals within that same
breed. If only one testicle descends normally into the scrotal
Pedigree – an animal’s list of ancestors. Usually, only the sac, this condition is called – Monorchidism –
five closest generations are included in the list. monorchid.
Offspring – also called progeny – referring to the young Lactation period – the period of milk production.
of an animal. Libido – sex drive or sexual desire of an animal during
Castration – the surgical removal of the testicles in estrus.
livestock and other animals. Letdown – the voluntary release of milk from the udder
Spaying – surgical removal of the ovaries of the lactating dam.
Poulard – ovariectomized pullet Sterility – inability to produce normal young.
Grade – an animal (offspring) resulting from the mating Testicles (testicle singular – the primary reproductive
of a purebred and a native female. organ of the male from which the sperm cells are
Caponization – the removal of the testicles of male produced.
chicken. Ovaries – the main reproductive organ of the female
Estrous cycle – the interval (time gap) between two from which the egg cells (ova) are produced.
successive estrus or heat period. (The estrus or heat Breeder – an animal used for breeding purposes.
period (for female only) is manifested or shown by Oxytocin – the hormone responsible for the release of
sexual receptivity of the female to the male animal). milk and contraction of the uterus to expel the fetus.
(Sexual) Receptivity or sexually receptive – means Outcrossing – mating unrelated animals within the same
willingness or sexually willing. Also, high sexual drive or breed.
desire because the female is “in-heat” Crossbreeding – the mating of purebred parents from
Estrus period or heat period – the period of sexual two or more different breeds. Example: Purebred A, B, C
receptivity. Estrus is periodic. There are regular period – three different breeds are involved.
when this would occur that is why this is a cycle similar Purebreeding – mating of animals within the same
to menstrual cycle in women. Unlike during breed (purebred but not related although they belong
menstruation, an animal finds its fertile period during to the same breed).
estrus. Upgrading – mating the unimproved (inferior – native)
*The estrous cycle is fairly constant or regular like every animal to one that is highly improved breed (superior
21 days, a sow gets into estrus as long as she did not get breed – like crossbred/hybrid and purebred animals).
pregnant during the last or previous estrus. Animal Nutrition Terminologies
Breeding – mating Palatable – delicious; tasty or appetizing (although
Incubation period – time needed to hatch eggs of feedstuff may be acceptable or palatable to the animal,
poultry either artificial or natural incubation method. it does not necessarily mean it is nutritious).
Natural incubation – is the hatching of eggs with the use Ad-libitum – as desired by the animal. Commonly used
of the mother hen that is broody. to express the availability of feed on a free-choice basis
Broody – willing to sit on the eggs to hatch them in due (the animal is given unlimited amount of ration or feed;
time (to incubate them, the hen should be broody). A no restrictions or limit)
broody hen losses some appetite for food and stops Ration – the quantity or amount of feed given to an
laying eggs and starts sitting on the eggs. animal the diet may be nutritious (balanced or not).
Siblings – animals belonging to the same parents. Make sure the diet is balanced or nutritious – complete
Hybrid – offspring of breed crosses. Ex. Crossbred with the required nutrients.
Crossbred (or crossbreed) – an animal (offspring) Free choice – free to eat two or three feedstuff.
resulting from the mating of two different breeds. Ex. Colostrum – the first milk of the dam immediately after
Purebred A x Purebred B giving birth to her young. (It is very important for young
Purebred – an animal of a recognized breed which is animals to take this milk immediately just a few minutes
eligible for registry in the official herdbook of that after birth. This colostrum is rich in vitamin A and
breed. immunoglobulins – antibodies to destroy foreign
Outbreeding – refers to the breeding or mating of materials (bacteria) that enters the body. Colostrums
unrelated animals belonging to the same breed will help the young animals fight infection since at a very
(opposite of inbreeding). young age, the animal doesn’t have a developed
Inbreeding – the breeding of closely related animals immune system seeded to fight bacterial infection).
belonging to the same breed. Pasture – forages (roughage feeds) are harvested by
Polytocous animals – a litter-bearing animal which gives grazing animals. (Animals are allowed to graze in the
birth to more than one offspring at a time. Ex. Pig, goat range or field to eat grass and other roughage feed).
Monotocous animals – opposite of polytocous. Animals Concentrates – feeds low in fiber and high in TDN (total
that give birth to only one young or fetus a time. Ex. digestible nutrients (4) – protein, fats, carbohydrates,
Cattle and buffalo. and fiber). Concentrate feeds include ingredients like
Litter – a group of piglets at the time of birth. various grains and high grade by-products such as wheat
Impotency – inability to copulate grain, corn gluten feed, fish meal, meat scrap meal, etc.
Infertility – temporary loss of fertility. Crude fat (lipids) – also called ether extract.
Total digestible nutrients (TDN) – include four nutrients Silage – forage feed preserved in a succulent (high
like protein, fats, carbohydrates, and fiber moisture content) condition by partial fermentation.
(Inside an air-tight or air sealed container where only
anaerobic bacteria could thrive.

Roughage feeds (fibrous feeds) – feed for ruminants,

high in fiber and low in total digestible nutrients (TDN) Then the forage is fermented for three weeks. When
Forage – crops used for feeding ruminants. Forage placed inside the container, the forage is somewhat
comes in either grasses and legumes. These are fresh an not entirely wilted or dried).
considered roughage feeds or fibrous feeds for Nutrients – any substance of food/feed that is
ruminants. The main feed materials or food for cattle, transformed and transported into body tissues to
goat and other ruminants is forage feed – however, they support diverse physiological processes of the body.
also eat concentrates for faster weight gain. Nutrition – is a science that determines the nutrient
Bolus or Cud – forage feed coming from the rumen to be requirements of farm animals and how it can be given in
chewed again in the mouth. the form of a diet that is not only nutritious but also
Rumen – the first compartment stomach of ruminants. palatable.
This is usually the largest of the four stomach. It Hay – the dry (dehydrated), whole plant material, with
contains billions of good bacteria needed to digest or without flower or fruit used for feeding ruminants.
forage eaten or ingested by ruminants. It is also called (Hay is sun dried forage grasses or legumes and stored
the “paunch” – meaning “big stomach” for animal feeding).
Reticulum – the second compartment stomach of a Diet –the quality of formulated feed given to farm
ruminant. Called the “honeycomb” animals. Quality means whether the feed is complete
Omasum – third compartment stomach of a ruminant. with essential nutrients or not. A diet must be complete
Called ‘‘manyplies”. with these essential nutrients and is therefore a
Abomasum – the fourth compartment stomach of a balanced diet.
ruminant. Also called the “true stomach” Ration – the food or feed given to an animal which is
Ingestion- the act of ingesting or putting food into the sufficient for 24 hours (one day period).
mouth and into the digestive system.. Feed – any food material eaten by an animal as part of
Mastication – also called chewing its daily ration.
Chewing - process of breaking down food into smaller Straw – the part of the mature plants after the removal
particles (food in the mouth is chewed with the aid of of the seed.
tongue, saliva, and teeth). Fodder – coarse roughage feed such as corn stalks for
Deglutition – also called swallowing – through the cattle, carabao, horse. Also refer to the entire above
esophagus to bring the food down the stomach. ground part of nearly mature corn or sorghum plant in
Prehension – the act of putting food into the mouth the fresh or cured form.
with the use of tongue, lips, etc. Cured – partially dried forage feed. Cured also means
Regurgitation (regurgitate) – to surge or rush back processed form. Forage may be processed and given as
partially digested forage feed in the rumen back into the silage. Therefore, fodder crops or feeds for ruminants
mouth. (this is done only by ruminants when they start may be given as silage
ruminating or chew for the second time the forage feed Silage (atcharang damo) -
previously swallowed into the rumen. The previously Silage (atcharang damo) – the fresh forage (like fodder
swallowed forage feed is called the cud or bolus. crops – matured corn and sorghum plants left in the
Ruminate/ruminating – to chew cud over again. After field after harvesting the seed) is chopped and placed in
regurgitating , they start to ruminate or chew the cud. plastic container with a bit of urea added plus molasses
Ruminating is closely associated with regurgitation, it and then sealed air-tight for about three weeks to allow
follows immediately after regurgitation). anaerobic fermentation before it is given to animals.
Absorption – the process of putting the nutrients into Ash – mineral matter of the substance remaining after
the blood stream (by passing through the walls of burning off the dry matter (DM).
intestine). Digestible nutrients – the portion of nutrients consumed
Another definition: Absorption – refers to the which is digested and taken into the animal body to be
movement of digested nutrients from the small used by the cells for metabolic function. The term is
intestine to the circulatory system via the blood or generally applied to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
lymph. Undigested nutrients are expelled through manure and
Utilization – to actually put the nutrients to work in a urine.
biochemical activity in the cells and tissues. Digestible proteins – that portion of the ingested feed
Bloat – a disorder of ruminants usually characterized by protein which is absorbed.
accumulation of gas in the rumen. (This is caused or the Dry matter (percent) – the plant’s solid part or
result of eating too much forage legumes especially substance less water. Example: hay is highly dehydrated
young legumes rich in protein or nitrogen content. Bloat or dry. It has very minimal water content – about 3%.
is nitrogen accumulation due to excess intake of protein Therefore, 95-97% of its weight is the dry matter
from forage feed particularly legumes). content of the plant material. (95-97% of hay is DM)
Soilage - simply means fresh cut or harvested forage Soilage – (soiling crops) – green forage crops that are
feed for ruminants (either grasses or legumes). cut, and fed in fresh condition to animals (ruminants).
Forage crops – plants grown primarily for livestock feed a boar resulting to another pregnancy. The length or
to be either harvested for hay, soilage, or green feed duration of the dry period is usually 8 to 14 days.
(fresh), or eaten by grazing animals. Farrowing index or litter index – obtained by dividing
365 days (one year) by the farrowing interval. This index
will tell us the number of times a sow will farrow in one
year or every year thereafter.
Stover – the dry stalk from which the fruits (ears of Example: 365/152 =2.4 --- this index means that the sow
corn) have been removed will farrow 2.4 times a year.
Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) – the unanalyzed portion of Pork – the meat of pig.
a plant (or feed ingredient like corn, etc.) consisting Suckling stage – also called the lactation period of the
mostly of carbohydrates that remains after protein, ash, sow. This is the period when the piglets are in their first
crude fiber, fats, and moisture contents have been month of their life and therefore dependent on the
determined. dam’s milk for survival. The piglets are called sucklings.
Crude fiber – the coarse, fibrous portions of plants Fatteners – pigs reared or raised for meat purposes and
relatively low in digestibility (very difficult to digest) and are slaughtered at a maximum of six months of age
in nutritive value such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and (weighing 90-95 kg liveweight). They are called slaughter
lignin. High crude fiber feed is not suited for non- hogs. These may either be female or barrows (male pigs
ruminants because they don’t have the bacterial castrated at 10 days old).
capability in the stomach to digest fiber. Lignin is the Grower pigs – fatteners in their growing stage – during
toughest or most difficult to digest among three fibers. the 3rd and 4th month.
Swine Terminologies Starter pigs – after weaning, the piglets begin to live
Pig – a young swine of either sex. independent of the sow’s milk. They are called weaners
Hog – a mature swine of either sex. or weanlings and are starting on their own, subsisting on
Skatole – another term for boar taint or odor. solid food – concentrate feeds.
Uncastrated pigs start this unpleasant odor at puberty. Birth weight – the weight of the piglet immediately after
Boar – a sexually matured female pig, one that has been farrowing (usually 1.2 – 1.5 kg liveweight).
bred and given birth to piglets. Weaning weight – the weight of a piglet after weaning
Gilt – a female pig and may have reached puberty but time (7-8kg liveweight)
has not been bred or farrowed. Farrowing rate – refers to the number of sows farrowed
Barrow – a castrated piglet about one month old divided by the number of pregnant sows multiplied by
(starter-weaning), but has castrated at 10 days of age. 100
Intended as a slaughter hog – fattened until slaughtered UTILITY VALUE OF ANIMALS
at six month old. HORSE
Litter- group of piglets immediately upon birth.  Equus caballus
Example: Small litter size – means very few piglets born  Stallion – mature male horse
in one farrowing. Large litter size – a large number of  Mare – mature female horse
piglets born in one farrowing.  Studhorse – male horse used for breeding
Drove – a group (herd) of pigs. purposes
Shoat – a pig of either sex about 60 kg liveweight at four  Broodmare – female horse used for breeding
(4) months old. purposes.
Sus scrofa – scientific name of wild pig.  Foal - young horse of either sex below one year
Sus domesticus – scientific name of domesticated pig. of age
Farrowing – act of giving birth in swine.  Foaling – act of giving birth in horse
Suckling(s) (piglet) – piglets of either sex below 30 days  Yeld mare or dry mare -one which has not
old and still dependent on the sow’s milk for food and produced any young during the breeding season
survival. Upon reaching one month, they are weaned or  Mule – hybrid of ass and horse
separated from the dam (sow) to live on their own and  Ridgling - stallion withonly one testis or none in
start eating solid food. They are then called weaners or its scrotum
weanlings.  Horsemeat
Piglet – a very young pig of either sex newly separated  330 days
from the sow at one month old to six weeks. Weaners  Traction, support and amusement
will start life on their own independent from the dam. ASS OR DONKEY
Slaughter pigs or market hogs – these are pigs of either  Equus asinus
sex fattened until they reach six months old and then  Stallion
slaughtered.  Mare
Farrowing interval – the time gap or period between  Foal
two successive farrowing. It is obtained by adding the:  Foaling
Lactation period + Dry period + Gestation period.  330 days
Lactation period – this is the period of milk production  Traction and transport
immediately following giving of birth to the piglets MULE
(farrowing).  Hybrid of male ass and mare
Dry period – the period immediately following weaning  Stallion
of piglets. The sow stops producing milk (dry) in  Mare
preparation for another estrus and later on breeding by  Foal
  Foaling  150 days
 330 days  Meat and milk
 Traction and transport

SHEEP and GOAT

CATTLE 1. Billy goat or buck - male goat
 Bos indicus, Bos taurus of any age
 Bull 2. Doe - female goat of any age
 Cow 3. Ewe - female sheep of any age
 Calf 4. Fleece - wool covering the
 Calving sheep
 Beef, Veal 5. Kid - young goat of either sex
 283 - 285 days below one year of age
 Meat, milk, hide, traction and transport 6. Lamb - young sheep of either
CARABAO sex below one year of age
 Bubalus bubalis/ Bubalus bubalis carabanensis 6. Pelt - wool and skin of sheep
 Carabull 7. Ram - male sheep of any age for
 Caracow breeding purposes
 Caracalf 8. Shearling - yearling sheep with
 Calving two teeth
 Carabeef 9. Wether goat – male goat castrated
 315 days before the secondary sex
 Meat, milk, traction and transport characteristics have developed
 Buffalo - Buballus mindorensis 10. Wether sheep – male sheep which
CATTLE and CARABAO was castrated while young
1. Bull - male breeding ox of any age preferably between 1to 3 weeks of age
2. Bull calf - young male calf under one year of age PIG
3. Bullock - usually a stag for draft purposes  Sus domesticus ; Sus scrofa
4. Calf - young ox of either sex, under one year of age  Boar
5. Cattle - domesticated bovine animals  Sow
6. Cow - mature female ox, one that  Piglet
has given birth  Farrowing
7. Carabull - carabaobull,  Pork
caraheifer, caracow, etc.  114 days
8. Caracow – mature female  Meat
carabao, one that has given birth SWINE
9. Caraheifer - young female carabao under three years 1. Boar - male pig of any age
of age usually one that has not yet given birth 2. Barrow - male pig which was
10. Heifer - young female ox under castrated while young
the age of three years, usually one 3. Gilt -young female pig under
that has not yet given birth the one year of age, usually
11. Ox - ruminant member of the one that has not yet given birth
bovine family, or sometimes the 4. Litter - group of pigs born in
male used for draft purposes one farrowing
12. Stag - male ox castrated after 5. Sow - mature female pig, one
sexual maturity that has given birth
13. Steer - male ox castrated before 6. Stag - a male pig castrated after
sexual maturity sexual maturity
SHEEP 7. Suckling - young pigs from
 Ovis aries birth up to weaning
 Ram 8.Weanling – young pigs
 Ewe separated from the sow, about 5
 Lamb weeks old
 Lambing RABBIT
 Mutton, Lamb  Oryctolagous cuniculus
 150 days  Buck - male
 Meat, milk, and hair (wool)  Doe - female
GOAT  Kit or kitten - young
 Capra hircus  Meat and skin
 Buck  Kindling
 Doe  Pseudoruminant (Caecotroph)
 Kid  32 days gestation period
 Kidding
 Chevon
 3. Plumage – mature feathers of
fowl
4. Pullet chicks – sexed chicks, all
female
GOAT 5. Straight-run-chick – group of
 Capra hircus male and female chicks; unsexed
 Buck 6. Capon – fattened male, testicles
 Doe removed at 2-3 months old
 Kid 7. Peeper – pigeon ready to leave
 Kidding nest
 Chevon 8. Squeaker – ready to leave nest
 150 days and starting to eat
 Meat and milk 9. Poulard – ovariectomized
CHICKEN pullet; synonym of capon in male
 Gallus gallus domesticus 10. Oviposition - laying of fully
 Cock ; Rooster developed eggs
 Hen 11. Zein – protein from corn
 Chick 12. Candling – holding the egg in
 Oviposition front of a bright light
 21 days 13. Poultry – species of birds,
 58 g man has domesticated for meat
 Meat and eggs and eggs
QUAIL ACTS OF BREEDING:
 Coturnix coturnix (japonica)  Cattle and Buffaloes - Serving
 Cock ; Rooster  Goat - Serving
 Hen  Pig - Coupling
 Chick ; Cheeper  Sheep - Tupping
 Oviposition  Horse - Covering
 18-19 days  Rabbit - Servicing
 12 g VOLUME OF PRODUCTION
 Eggs (as of August 2023)
PORK PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
MALLARD DUCK TOP PRODUCER
 Anas platyrhynchos 1. Central Visayas
 Drake 2. CALABARZON
 Duck 3. Northern Mindanao
 Duckling 4. Central Luzon
 Oviposition 5. Western Visayas
 28 days HIGHEST POPULATION/INVENTORY
 80-83 g 1. CALABARZON
 Balut, Salted Egg, Meat 2. Central Visayas
MUSCOVY DUCK 3. Northern Mindanao
 Cairina moschata BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Drake TOP PRODUCER
 Duck 1. Northern Mindanao
 Duckling 2. CALABARZON
 Oviposition 3. Bicol Region
 35-37 days 4. Ilocos Region
 70 g 5. Central Visayas
 Balut, Salted Egg, Meat HIGHEST POPULATION/INVENTORY
OSTRICH 1. Central Visayas
 Struthio australis 2. CA;ABARZON
 Cock 3. Ilocos Region
 Hen CARABAO PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Chick TOP PRODUCER
 Oviposition 1. Western Visayas
 42 days 2. Northern Mindanao
 1400 g 3. Davao Region
 Leather 4. Eastern Visayas
POULTRY 5. CALABARZON
1. Keet – young guinea of either HIGHEST POPULATION/INVENTORY
sex 1. Bicol Region
2. Down feathers – refers to 2. Western Visayas
feathers of newly hatched fowl 3. Central Luzon
CHEVON PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
TOP PRODUCER
1. Northern Mindanao
2. Central Visayas
3. Davao Region
4. Western Visayas
5. Ilocos Region
HIGHEST POPULATION/INVENTORY
1. Central Visayas
2. Central Luzon
3. Western Visayas
DUCK PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
TOP PRODUCER
1. Central Luzon
2. SOCCSKSARGEN
3. Northern Mindanao
4. Western Visayas
5. Cagayan Valley
HIGHEST POPULATION/INVENTORY
1. Central Luzon
2. Cagayan Valley
3. SOCCSKSARGEN
DAIRY PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
TOP PRODUCER
1. CALABARZON
2. Central Luzon
3. Northern Mindanao
4. Western Visayas
5. Central Visayas
HIGHEST POPULATION/INVENTORY
1. Central Luzon
2. CALABARZON
3. Western Visayas
CHICKEN PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
TOP PRODUCER
1. Central Luzon – Broiler Chicken
2. CALABARZON – Layer (Egg) Production
3. Western Visayas – Native/Improved Chicken