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Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
MSc (Med. Physics), I
Radiation Physics
Dr Shefali Kanwar
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Electromagnetic Waves
• Module 1
• Lecture 8
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Today’s topic of Discussion
• In this lecture we will discuss Wave guides and
cavity resonators: rectangular and circular
wave guides, dielectric wave guides, cavity
resonators
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• TYPES OF WAVEGUIDES
• The shape of the waveguide decides the functionality of the given
waveguide. The cross-section of the waveguide can be of any
shape. However, since irregular shapes are difficult to analyze, they
are rarely used. The three most commonly used shapes are as
follows:
• Rectangular waveguides Both TE and TM modes can be
supported by these waveguides. The electric field is transverse to
the direction of propagation in TE modes. The magnetic field is
transverse to the direction of propagation in TM modes.
• Circular waveguides: They tend to twist the waves as they travel
through them and are used with rotating antennas in radars.
• Elliptical waveguides: An elliptical shape is often preferred in
flexible waveguides. These waveguides will be required whenever its
section is capable of movement, such as bending, stretching, or
twisting. 4
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• RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
• A waveguide which is a hollow metallic tube of a rectangular cross-section is
known as the rectangular waveguide. The EM fields can be confined.
Therefore, the EM waves can be guided by the walls of the guide through
reflections. Rectangular waveguides are usually made in standard sizes with
breadth “a” (along x-direction) approximately twice the height “b” (along y-
direction). The “a” dimension cannot be less than a one-half wavelength. This
can be seen, as the guide is made up of two-quarter wavelength stubs
separated by a small distance. Any frequency that makes the “a” dimension
less than one-half wavelength allows no propagation of energy down the
waveguide.
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Mode of Propagation in RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
• A mode of propagation is nothing but a distinct field pattern. There
are four different mode categories.
• TEM Mode or Principal Mode (Ez = 0 and Hz = 0)
• In this mode, both the E and H fields are transverse to the
direction of wave propagation, and this is known as the transverse
electromagnetic (TEM) mode. Due to Ez = 0 and Hz = 0 in this
mode, all field components are reduced to zero, so that there is no
field component along the direction of propagation. Thus, from the
result, a rectangular waveguide cannot support the TEM mode.
• TE modes (Ez= 0 and Hz≠ 0)
• In this mode Ez = 0, at all points within the waveguide. This means
that there is no electric field vector component along the direction
of propagation, and the magnetic field vector is along the direction
of propagation. 6
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• TM modes (Ez≠ 0 and Hz= 0)
• In this mode Hz = 0 at all points within the waveguide. This means
that there is no magnetic field vector component along the direction
of propagation, and the electric field vector is parallel to the long axis.
• HE modes (Ez≠ 0 and Hz= 0)
• In this case, neither E nor H field is transverse to the direction of
wave propagation, and they are known as hybrid modes.
• CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE
• A circular waveguide is a hollow metal tube with a circular cross-
section. It is basically a tubular, circular conductor. This is used only
for some special applications. For example, it is used in a rotating
joint, which transmits an electromagnetic wave to the feeder of a
rotating radar antenna. In circular waveguides, the plane of
polarization is not stable due to geometry. The frequency band of the
single-mode operation of a circular waveguide is narrower than the
same band of a rectangular waveguide. 7
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Comparison between the rectangular and
circular waveguide
Rectangular waveguide preferred over
circular waveguides:
1.For a similar operating frequency, a
rectangular waveguide is not suitable in
some applications as it is smaller in size
than a circular waveguide.
2.The polarization is not maintained by the
wave through the circular waveguide; i.e,
the circular symmetry of the waveguide
may reflect the possibility of the wave
without maintaining its polarization
throughout the length of the guide.
3.The frequency difference between the
lowest frequency in the dominant mode
and the next mode of rectangular8
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Circular waveguides preferred over rectangular waveguides:
• First is their shape, the use of circular terminations and
connectors is allowed, which are easier to manufacture and
attach.
• Due to the TE01 mode in the circular waveguides, which has the
lower attenuation per unit length of the waveguide, these are
suitable for long-distance communications.
• The rotary joints are also made by the circular waveguides,
which are needed when a section of the waveguide should be
able to rotate, such as for the feeds of revolving antennas.
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Today’s Lecture
• In this lecture we have discussed Wave
guides and cavity resonators: rectangular and
circular wave guides, dielectric wave guides,
cavity resonators.
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Topic for Next Lecture
• In the next lecture we will continue to discuss
Wave guides and cavity resonators: General
wave behaviour along uniform guiding
structures, parallel-plate wave guide,
rectangular and circular wave guides,
dielectric wave guides, cavity resonators.
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Q&A
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Thank You
Stay Safe
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