6)

53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
ai
sh
iha
ad
(m
6
78
a@
ih
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to
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lo
be
F
PD
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Th
• Gregor Mendel proposed laws of inheritance in living organisms to

Th
is
provide details about inheritance patterns.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
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ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• For studying pattern typical monohybrid cross, Punnett square are

Th
is
used which were developed by R.C. Punnett.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• The results from experiments of G. Mendel were rediscovered by

Th
is
Hugo de Vries, Correns & von Tschermark independently in 1900.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
They were able to see process of cell division due to developments

s
to
M
ad
ih
in field of microscopy.

a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Chromosomal theory of inheritance was given by Sutton & Boveri in

Th
is
year 1902. Walter Sutton & Theodore Boveri demonstrated that the

PD
F
be
lo
ng
process of pairing & separation of a pair of chromosomes would

s
to
M
ad
ih
eventually result in the segregation of a pair of factors they carried.

a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Chromosome or genetic map were first discovered by Alfred

Th
is
Sturtevent who prepared these maps based on distance between

PD
F
be
lo
ng
genes present on the chromosomes .

s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Experimental work on Drosophila to study linkage and crossing over

Th
is
was extensively done by Thomas Hunt Morgan who is also known

PD
F
be
lo
ng
as Father of Experimental genetics. He studied physical association

s
to
M
ad
ih
or linkage of the two genes and later coined the term ‘linkage’ to

a@
78
6
(m
ad
describe this physical association of genes on a chromosome and

i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
the term recombination to denote generation of non-parental gene

5@
gm
ai
l.c
combinations

om
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00
43
66
53
6)
• Henking trace a specific nuclear structure (X-body) all through

Th
is
spermatogenesis in a few insects (1891).

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Discovery of autosomal disorder Down's syndrome was done by

Th
is
Langdon Down (1866)

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• DNA (Nuclein) was first identified by Friedrich Meischer (1869).

Th
is
PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
 6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
X-ray diffraction data produced by Wilkins & Franklin.

l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
ai
sh
iha
ad
(m
6
78
a@
ih
ad
M
to
s
ng
lo
be
F
PD
is
Th
•
• Watson study on the "Effect of hard X-rays on bacteriophage

Th
is
multiplication" (1950)

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
 6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
Transforming principle was given by Griffith (1928).

90
k h2
ai
sh
iha
ad
(m
6
78
a@
ih
ad
M
to
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ng
lo
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F
PD
is
Th
•
• Biochemical characterisation of transforming principle was given by

Th
is
Avery, MacLeod & Mc Carty.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Unequivoal proof that DNA is the genetic material came from the

Th
is
experiments of Hershey & Chase (1952).

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
 6)
53
66
43
00
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om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
Replication scheme was given by Watson & Crick.

k h2
ai
sh
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ad
(m
6
78
a@
ih
ad
M
to
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ng
lo
be
F
PD
is
Th
•
• The experimental proof that DNA replicates semiconservatively was

Th
is
given in prokaryotes by Meselson & Stahl (1958).

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• The experimental proof that DNA replicates semiconservatively was

Th
is
given in eukaryotes by Taylor (1958).

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
 6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
ai
sh
iha
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a@
Central dogma of biology was given by Crick.

ih
ad
M
to
s
ng
lo
be
F
PD
is
Th
•
George Gamow (a physicist) proposed that codon was triplet.

6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
ai
sh
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(m
6
78
a@
ih
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F
PD
is
Th
•
• Har Go bind Khorana synthesizes RNA molecules with de fined

Th
is
combination of bases (homopolyers & copolymers).

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Nirenberg in cell-free system for protein synthesis finally helped the

Th
is
code to be deciphered.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
Polynucleotide phosphorylase is called Severo Ochoa enzyme

6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
ai
sh
iha
ad
(m
6
78
a@
ih
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to
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lo
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F
PD
is
Th
•
• To study gene expression in prokaryotes, Lac operon was given by

Th
is
Jacob & Monad.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Automated DNA sequencers worked on the principle of a method

Th
is
developed by Frederick Sanger

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Frederick Sanger developed the method for determination of amino

Th
is
acid sequences in proteins.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
DNA fingerprinting technique was developed by Alec Jeffreys.

6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
ai
sh
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(m
6
78
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F
PD
is
Th
•
Spontaneous generation theory was dismissed by Louis Pasteur.

6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
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k h2
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sh
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PD
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Th
•
Life comes from pre -existing life it is told by Louis Pasteur.

6)
53
66
43
00
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l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
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PD
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Th
•
• A.I Oparin and J.B.S Haldane proposed Oparin-Haldane Theory of

Th
is
Origin of Life that showed that life could have originated from pre-

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F
be
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ng
existing non-living organic molecules/chemicals.

s
to
M
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ih
a@
78
6
(m
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i
ha
sh
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k
h2
90
5@
gm
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l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• S.L Miller – the famous Miller experiment to demonstrated origin of

Th
is
life. Atmosphere of Earth was created in lab with use of methane,

PD
F
be
lo
ng
water, hydrogen, and ammonia which were held in closed flask

s
to
M
ad
ih
apparatus.

a@
78
6
(m
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i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Use and disuse of organs' theory of evolution was given by Lamarck

Th
is
(French Naturalist).

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Charles Darwin worked immensely on concept of Natural Selection

Th
is
and he had shown that it is natural selection that had worked as a

PD
F
be
lo
ng
mechanism for evolutionary process. He made a sea voyage in ship

s
to
M
ad
ih
with name H.M.S. Beagle around the globe.

a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Naturalist Alfred Wallace who was also emphasized on natural

Th
is
selection (for evolution of life ) worked in Malay Archipelago.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
 6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
ai
sh
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6
78
a@
ih
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to
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ng
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F
PD
is
Th
Malthus work on population.
•
• Hugo de Vries brought forth the idea of mutations. Hugo de Vries

Th
is
used the term saltation.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
 support
·

• Embryological
Hugo de Vries brought forth the idea of mutations. Hugo de Vries

Th
is
used the term saltation.
for evolution:

PD
F
!

be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
eckel

ad
Ernst

i
ha
sh
1.

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90
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Baer

53
6)
Von
2. Karl Ernet
dismiss
->
•
⑧

Hardy Weinbergy
Hugo de Vries brought forth the idea of mutations. Hugo de Vries
--

Th
is
used the term saltation.

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be
lo
ng
frequency of

s
to
occurence

M
->

ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
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of gene

k
h2
allele a

90
of

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an

gm
ai
l.c
population.

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fixed

66
in

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an

6)
is

dominant-p
of allele
Frequency
->

allele:g
Frequency of
- receive

p g1
+ =
• Short-duration high-yielding varieties of rice (including scented

Th
is
Basmati) was developed by M.S. Swaminathan.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Norman Borlaug - Semi-dwarf wheat at ICWMI were developed by

Th
is
Norman Borlaug.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
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l.c
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00
43
66
53
6)
 Fleming
-
•
At
Norman
-
Borlaug - Semi-dwarf wheat at ICWMI were developed by

Th
is
Norman Borlaug.

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
Antibiotic

ad
Ist

ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
-

i
ha
willin

sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
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l.c
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,9
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66
53
6)
-
would Penicillium
-

notature
-
• Herbert Boyer observed that the restriction enzymes have the

Th
is
capability of cutting DNA strands in a particular fashion (1969).

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
 6)
53
66
Ramdeo Misra revered as the father of ecology in India.

43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
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6
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PD
is
Th
•
 6)
53
66
43
00
"Competitive Exclusion principle" was given by Gause.

,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
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6
78
a@
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F
PD
is
Th
•
Concept of Resource partitioning was put forward by Mac Arthur.

6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
ai
sh
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(m
6
78
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to
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F
PD
is
Th
•
Cost of ecosystem services was given by Robert Costanza.

6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
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6
78
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to
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PD
is
Th
•
Term Biodiversity popularised by Edward Wilson (Sociobiologist)

6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
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6
78
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to
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F
PD
is
Th
•
Species-area relationship was given by Alexander von Humboldt.

6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
ai
sh
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6
78
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PD
is
Th
•
• The importance of species diversity to the ecosystem was given by

Th
is
David Tilman

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
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ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
k
h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
• Rivet popper hypothesis was given by Paul Ehrlich (Stanford

Th
is
Ecologist)

PD
F
be
lo
ng
s
to
M
ad
ih
a@
78
6
(m
ad
i
ha
sh
ai
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h2
90
5@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,9
00
43
66
53
6)
 6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
Polyblend is formed by Ahmed Khan & his company.

gm
5@
90
k h2
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6
78
a@
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to
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be
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PD
is
Th
•
 6)
53
66
43
00
,9
om
l.c
ai
gm
5@
90
k h2
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sh
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(m
6
78
a@
ih
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to
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lo
be
F
PD
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Th