08/08/2023

NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSE ON

ADVANCED REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Prof. S. Suriya Prakash

Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Hyderabad

MODULE-3
DURABILITY ASPECTS IN
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Lecture-3.4

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OVERVIEW
• INTRODUCTION TO DURABILITY
• DIFFERENT DETERIORATION MECHANISM
• CHEMICAL

• PHYSICAL
• MECHANICAL
• CORROSION
• DESIGN APPROACHES
• CODE PROVISIONS FOR DURABILITY DESIGN

Expected Learning Outcomes

• List out different durability design approaches

• Understand the need for performance-based design

• Define the durability index and requirements

• Understand the importance of mix design in performance-based design

• Compare the different code provisions

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DURABILITY DESIGN: Introduction

ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCRETE SYSTEM
CONDITION

Intrinsic factor Extrinsic factor Physical Chemical

▪ Cement type ▪ Mixing DURABILITY deterioration deterioration
▪ Cement content ▪ Placing OF ▪ Abrasion ▪ Corrosion
CONCRETE
▪ w/b ▪ Compaction ▪ Erosion ▪ Sulphate attack
▪ Aggregates ▪ Curing ▪ Cavitation ▪ Alkali-aggregate
▪ Admixture ▪ freeze and reaction
thaw

RESISTANCE ≥ LOAD
Quality of concrete Aggressiveness of Environment
 Concrete cover  Coastal region
 Permeability  Marine Condition 5

DURABILITY DESIGN: Approaches

APPROACHES TO DURABILITY DESIGN

Perspective Based
Performance Based (SLD)
Concrete composition
Performance requirements of the structure
Concrete Cover

Avoid Deterioration Resistance to Deterioration

Service life not specified Long specified service life

Durability is Assumed Designed for Durability

HYBRID
APPROACH
Adapted from: Technical talk by Prof Mike Otieno 6

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DURABILITY DESIGN: Performance-based approach

Reject structure Recommend remedial actions
Location of structure (Partially or completely) Application of coatings,
Demolish & reconstruct Corrosion inhibitor
Assess and Characterize the to desired specification Regular inspection
aggressiveness of the No
exposure environment.
Test on
Yes
in built ACCEPT
Identify the dominant mode structure
of deterioration
Mixing
Suitable Service life model 𝐂𝐱,𝐭 = 𝐂𝐬 𝟏 −
𝐱
𝟐 𝟑𝐃𝐭
2
Construction Cover depth
Yes Compaction
Curing
Design and Specify
 Cover depth No Testing
before Fresh Properties
 Binder type
 Durability index values Construction Durability
Strength
Adopted from: Technical talk by Prof Mike Otieno 7

DURABILITY DESIGN: Mix Design

 Contextualise the durability requirements Durability Index:

Mode of deterioration • Physical, chemical, and electrochemical
 Steel corrosion parameters that characterise concrete
durability
 Abrasion
• Powerful means to characterise potential
 Sulphate attack concrete durability.
 Understanding which makes ingredients affect the durability requirement
 w/b ratio, cement type and content aggregate type and volume admixture
 Relevant testing
Durability index test
 Oxygen permeability index
 Chloride conductivity index
Adopted from: Technical talk by Prof Mike Otieno
 Water sorptivity index 8

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DURABILITY DESIGN: Mix Design

Important mix design aspects to remember
Types of cement
• Avoid OPC cement

Strength (MPa)
Minimise cement content
• Cost
• Sustainability
• High paste content
0 Age of Concrete 28
• Heat of hydration
Minimise use of excessive admixture
Admixture enhance or Modify the property
• Cost
of concrete. Not to Fix the bad concrete
• sustainability
Adopted from: Technical talk by Prof Mike Otieno 9

DURABILITY DESIGN: Performance Based Design

Villani et al. 2014 www.utest.com.ur

Oxygen permeability Water Sorptivity RCPT

Measure the resistance to Measure the water-penetrable Resistance to penetration of
carbonation porosity Chloride ions
OPI Sorptivity Conductivity
Acceptance Criterion
(log scale) (mm/ 𝒉) (mS/cm)
Laboratory Concrete >10 <6 <0.75
Full Acceptance >9.4 <9 <1
Conditional
9 to 9.4 9 to 12 1 to 5
acceptance
As-Built structures Adopted from:
Remedial Nganga MS
8.75 to 9 12 to 15 1.5 to 2.5
measure Thesis,2011
Rejection <8.75 >15 >2.5 10

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DURABILITY DESIGN: Performance Based Design

The durability index test helps the
engineer to

specify the performance target and acceptance criteria

approve mix proportion

verify as-built concrete quality

contractor to

select suitable mix ingredients binder type admixture ratio

put adequate quality control measures in mixing, compaction and curing

Adopted from: Technical talk by Prof Mike Otieno

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DURABILITY DESIGN: Performance Based Design

Designing and specifying concrete durability is not enough

Good site practices are critical
 Mixing

 Concrete cover depth and condition

 Reinforcement detailing

 Compaction

 Curing- method, commencement, duration

 Verification - testing
Adopted from: Technical talk by Prof Mike Otieno
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DURABILITY DESIGN: Performance Based Design

Structural
Design Structural Durability
Design Design
Add on
Integrated
Durability
Design

Performance-based based durability design and specification requires

• Skilled workforce
• Engineers and contractors need to be trained.

• Code provisions needed

• Industries should encourage Performance-based design.

Adapted from: Technical talk by Prof Mike Otieno 13
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CODE PROVISIONS

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CODE PROVISIONS: Design Service Life

IRC 112-2011 IRS 1997
Service life Service life
Design Service life Example Type of structure
(Years) (Years)
Normal 100 or more All bridges Bridges in sea 50
Bridges on temporary Bridges in coastal
Temporary 10 or less access road, 80
areas
construction facility
Rehabilated for a short
20 or as Bridges in rest of
time, Industries with 100
Special Applications specified by the India
planned economic life
user
of short duration

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CODE PROVISIONS: Exposure Condition

ENVIRONMENT IS 456-2000 IRC 112-2011 IRS 1997

Concrete surfaces
Concrete surface
protected against
MILD ---------- protected against weather
weather or aggressive
or aggressive conditions
conditions
Concrete exposed to condensation Concrete surface sheltered from
and rain Concrete continuously severe rain or freezing whilst wet
under water Concrete surfaces concrete
Moderate Concrete dry or permanently
MODERATE sheltered from rain or freezing exposed to condensation, concrete
wet; concrete continuously underwater
whilst wet Concrete in contact or structure continuously under water,
buried under non-aggressive concrete in contact with non-
soil/groundwater aggressive soil/ground water
Concrete surfaces exposed to Concrete surface exposed to
severe rain, alternate wetting
and drying, or occasional severe rain, alternate wetting and
Wet, rarely dry; humid (relative
freezing whilst wet or severe drying or
humidity > 70 percent), wholly
condensation occasional freezing or severe
SEVERE submerged in sea water below mid-
Concrete completely immersed in condensation. Concrete exposed
tide level; concrete exposed to the
seawater to
coastal environment
Concrete exposed to the coastal aggressive sub-soil/ ground water
environment or coastal environment
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CODE PROVISIONS: Exposure Condition

ENVIRONMENT IS 456-2000 IRC 112-2011 IRS 1997

Concrete surfaces exposed
to sea water spray, Moderate humidity (relative
corrosive fumes or severe humidity 50 to 70 percent); concrete Concrete surface exposed to sea
freezing conditions whilst exposed to air-borne chloride in water spray, corrosive fumes or
VERY SEVERE
wet. Concrete in contact marine environment; freezing severe freezing conditions
with or buried under conditions while wet. whilst wet.
aggressive sub-soil/ground
water
Extreme Cyclic wet and dry, concrete
exposed to tidal, splash and spray
Surface of members in tidal zones in sea, concrete in direct
Concrete structure surfaces
zone, Members in direct contact contact with aggressive
EXTREME with liquid/solid aggressive exposed to abrasive action, surfaces
sub-soil/ground water, concrete in of members in tidal zone
chemicals
contact with aggressive
chemicals.

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CODE PROVISIONS: Minimum Cement Content

IRS 1997
Exposure IS 456-2000 IRC 112-2011
PCC RCC PSC
Mild 300 ----- 350 350 400
Moderate 300 340 350 400 400
Severe 320 360 380 400 430
Very severe 340 380 400 430 440
Extreme 360 400 400 430 440

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CODE PROVISIONS: Maximum w/c ratio

IRS 1997
Exposure IS 456-2000 IRC 112-2011
PCC RCC PSC
Mild 0.55 ---- 0.55 0.45 0.40
Moderate 0.50 0.45 0.50 0.40 0.40
Severe 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40
Very severe 0.45 0.40 0.45 0.38 0.35
Extreme 0.40 0.35 0.40 0.35 0.35

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CODE PROVISIONS: Minimum Grade of Concrete

IRS 1997
Exposure IS 456-2000 IRC 112-2011
PCC RCC PSC
Mild M 20 ---- M 20 M 25 M 35*
Moderate M 25 M 25 M 25 M 30 M 35*
Severe M 30 M 30 M 30 M 35 M 45
Very severe M 35 M 40 M 35 M 40 M 50
Extreme M 40 M 45 M 30 M 35 M 50

* For pretension M40 is minimum grade

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CODE PROVISIONS: Minimum Nominal Cover

IRS 1997

Exposure IS IRC
112_2011 Type of Extre Very Mild and
456-2000 Severe
Structure me Severe Moderate
Mild 20 ----
Slab 50 50 25 25
Moderate 30 45
Beam/Girder 60 50 40 35
Severe 45 45
Very Column 75 75 75 50
50 50
severe
Well, pile
75 75 75 50
Extreme 75 75 and footings

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CODE PROVISIONS: Crack width

IS 456 2000 IRS 1997
Design Crack Design
Condition Environment Crack width
width in (mm)
in (mm)
Crack width is not a concern 0.3
Mild 0.20
Continuously exposed to moisture,
0.2 Moderate 0.20
soil or ground water
Severe 0.1 0.10*
Severe
IRC 112-2011 0.20**
RCC and PSC 0.10*
PSC with Very sever
Environment with unbonded 0.20**
bonded tendons
tendons 0.10*
Moderate 0.3 0.2 Extreme
0.20**
Severe 0.3 0.2
* Surface exposed to weather
Ver severe and
0.2 0.2 ** Surface protected against weather
Extreme
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CODE PROVISIONS: Chloride content % mass of cement

IS 456 2000 IRC
Maximum Type of Expousre
112- IRS 1997
Total acid Structure condition
2011
soluble chloride
Types / Mild ---- 0.1
content
Use of Chlorides
Expressed as Moderate 0.1 0.1
kg/m3 of
Prestressed 0.1 0.1
concrete Severe
concrete 0.1 0.06
Concrete containing metal and Very
steam cured at elevated severe
0.4 0.1 0.06
temperature and prestressed Extreme
concrete
Mild ----
Reinforcement Concrete or
Plain concrete containing 0.6 Moderate 0.3 0.15
embedded steel
RCC Severe 0.2 0.15
Concrete not containing
embedded metal or any Very
3 0.2 0.15
material requiring protection severe
from chloride Extreme 0.2 0.15 23

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CODE PROVISIONS: Sulphate attack

Concentration of Sulphates,
Dense, Fully Compacted Concrete (MSA 20 mm)
Expressed as SO3
In Soil
Class SO3 in 2:1 Type of Cement Minimum Minimum grade of
Water: In Ground
Total cement Maximu free w/c concrete
Soil Water (g/l)
SO3 (%) content
Extract
(g/l)
1 Traces Less than Less OPC or PSC or PPC 280 0.55 M25
(<0.2) 1.0 than 0.3
OPC orPPCor PSC 330 0.50
2 0.2 to 0.5 1.0 to 1.9 0.3 to 1.2 Supersulphate M25
cement or sulphate 310 0.50
resisting cement
-DO- 330 0.50 M25
3 0.5 to 1.0 1.9 to 3.1 1.2 to 2.5
PPC or PSC 350 0.45 M30
Supersulphate
4 1.0 to 2.0 3.1 to 5.0 2.5 to 5.0 cement or sulphate 370 0.45 M35
resisting cement
5 More More than More than -DO- +
than 2.0 5.0 5.0 400 0.40 M40
Protective Coating
IS 456-2000 and IRC 112 2011 have the same provision the last column highlighted in green
specified by IRC 112-2011 24

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CODE PROVISIONS: Freeze and Thaw Attack

IS 456-2000 IRC 112-2011

Nominal Maximum size

Entrained Air %  Protecting the concrete from the saturation
of Aggregate (mm)
 Using an air entrained concrete mix
20 5(1)
 Using High strength concrete > 45MPa
40 4(1)

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IRC 112-2011: Recommendation

ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION RCPT values for HPC
 Use Non-reactive aggregate  Extreme < 800 coulombs

 Use OPC cement with alkali content <0.6 % Na2O  Very severe <1200 coulombs
 Severe <1500
CORROSION PREVENTION
 Use of galvanized reinforcement or reinforcement with fusion-bonded epoxy coating.

 Use of surface coatings and such coatings need periodic renewal.

 Use of waterproofing membrane over the bridge deck.

 Use of controlled permeability formwork (CPF) liners,

 Application of cathodic protection to the structure.

 Use of stainless-steel reinforcement.

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IRS CONCRETE BRIDGE CODE 1997: Recommendation

 Permeability test is mandatory for all bridges in severe, very severe and extreme condition
 Only for major bridges in mild and moderate condition
 The depth of penetration of moisture shall not be greater than 25 mm
Surface coating
 To prevent Corrosion
 Need to be checked periodically

Aggressive Environment Mild and

( Severe, Very severe and Extreme) Moderate
Super structure of
Substructure of bridge All Structures
bridge
Epoxy phenolic IPN
coating or No coating is
Coal-tar epoxy coating
CECRI integrated four necessary
coat system 27

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IRC SP 70-2005: Recommendations

Low permeability is achieved by
 Using adequate cement content
 Use Mineral admixture
 Dense packing of fine particles
Chloride Content Sulphate Content
Maximum chloride
content Expressed Total water soluble
S No Types of bridges
as % of mass of SO3 should be less
cement
than 4% by mass of
i) Prestresses concrete 0.1
Reinforcement Concrete (in cement
ii) 0.2
severe,very severe and extreme)
Reinforcement Concrete (in
iii) 0.3
moderate condition) 28

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SUMMARY

 Brief introduction to performance-based durability design was given

 Importance of performance-based design was discussed

 Compared the code provisions of IS 456-2000, IRC 112-2011 and IRS 1997
for durability design/performance requirements

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REFERENCES
1. Concrete Durability and Performance-based Mix Design for Concrete Structures – Prof. Mike Otieno
2. Alexander, M. G., Ballim, Y., & Stanish, K. (2007). A framework for use of durability indexes in performance-
based design and specifications for reinforced concrete structures. Materials and Structures, 41(5), 921–
936. doi:10.1617/s11527-007-9295-0
3. IRS 1997 Code of practice for plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete for general bridge construction
(Concrete Bridge Code), Indian Railway Standard IRS 1997, Research Designs and Standards Organisation,
Lucknow, 2003
4. IRC 112:2011 Code of practice for concrete road bridges, IRC 112, Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, 2011
5. IS 456 (2000), Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice (Fourth Revision), Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
6. Guidelines for the use of High-Performance Concrete in bridges, Ministry of Railways, Government of India,
Research Designs and Standards Organisation, Lucknow, 2008
7. Nganga, G.W., “Practical implementation of the durability index-based performance approach”, M.S. Thesis,
University of Cape Town, South Africa, 2011
8. P N Ohja et al. Durability design of concrete structure, National and International scenario, Sustainable and
green construction,2022
9. NPTEL course on “Advanced Concrete Technology” by Prof Manu Santhanam, IIT Madras
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THANK YOU

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