Power System Operation and Control B.E.

Electrical (2012 course)

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Experiment No: 01
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Title: Transient Stability Analysis for Sudden Change in Mechanical Input

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Aim: To apply equal area criteria for transient stability analysis under sudden rise in mechan-
ical power input.

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Prerequisites:

• Network Analysis

• Power flow equation

• Dynamics of synchronous machine

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Objectives:

• To study dynamics of synchronous generator.

• To analyze impact of sudden change of mechanical input to synchronous generator.

• To apply equal area criteria for transient stability analysis.

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Theory:
For one machine system swinging with respect to an infinite bus can be analyzed by a simple
equal area criterion, without using numerical method, which involves large calculations and it
is time consuming. The use of this method eliminates partially or wholly the calculation of
swing curves and thus saves a considerable amount of work. The method is applicable to any
two machine system. This method is not applicable to multimachine system directly.
The principle of this method consists of the basic when oscillates around the equilibrium
point with constant amplitude, transient stability will maintained.

d2 δ
M = PM − Pe (1)
dt2

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Power System Operation and Control B.E. Electrical (2012 course)

dδ
Multiplying both sides of Eq.1 by dt

d2 δ


dδ dδ
M 2
= (PM − Pe ) (2)
dt dt dt
 2
1 d dδ dδ
M = (PM − Pe ) (3)
2 dt dt dt
 2
d dδ 2 dδ
= Pa (4)
dt dt M dt
Multiplying both sides by dt and integrating with respect to t.
 2 Zδ
dδ 2
= Pa dδ (5)
dt M
δo
v
uZδ
dδ u 2
u
=t Pa dδ (6)
dt M
δo

where δ0 is the torque or load angle at which the machines is operating while running at
synchronous speed under normal condition. Under normal operating condition torque angle
was not changing i.e. before disturbance dδdt
= 0. When sudden disturbance is applied the
torque angle starts increasing with time. If this increment in δ continues in given period of
time i.e. dδ
dt
> 0, the system will undergo in unstable state. If this dδ
dt
= 0 in given period of
time, then system will be stable as shown in Fig. Hence the condition for the transient state

Figure 1: δ Vs. Time for Stable and Unstable Operation

stability is given by the equation

v
uZδ2
dδ u 2
u
=t Pa dδ = 0 (7)
dt M
δo
v
uZδ2
2
u
Pa dδ = 0 (8)
u
t
M
δo
Zδ2
2
Pa dδ = 0 (9)
M
δo
Zδ2
Pa dδ = 0 (10)
δo

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Power System Operation and Control B.E. Electrical (2012 course)

Figure 2: P Vs. δ Curve showing Equal Area Criteria

This means that the area under Pa should be zero which is possible only when Pa has both
accelerating and decelerating powers, i.e. for a part of curve Pm > Pe and for the other Pm < Pe .
For a generator action, Pm > Pe for positive area A1 and Pm < Pe for negative A2 . When these
areas A1 and A2 are equal, the accelerating power Pa will be zero, hence the system is stable
as shown in Fig.. So the name is equal area criterion. The area A1 represents the kinetic
energy stored by the rotor during acceleration and the area A2 represents the kinetic energy
given up by the rotor to the system.
The equal area criterion is also useful to find in determining the maximum limit on the load
that the system can take without exceeding the stability limit. In case the area A2 is less than
A1 system will become unstable. The main cases of transient stability studies are:

1. Sudden change in mechanical input

2. Sudden change in load
3. Switching of one of the lines which causes a change in reactance of the system
4. Sudden fault on the system

Sudden Change in Mechanical Input:

Following Fig. shows the transient model of a single machine connected to infinite bus bar. The

Figure 3: Single Machine connected to infinite bus

electrical power transfer can be given by

E 0V
Pe = sin δe = Pmax sin δe (11)
X 0d + Xl

Under steady operating condition (This is indicated by point a)

PM 0 = Pe0 = Pmax sin δ0 (12)

Let the mechanical input to the machine is suddenly changed to PM 1 . So the accelerating
power is PM 1 − Pe = Pa causes rotor speed to increase so load angle δ also starts increasing.

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Power System Operation and Control B.E. Electrical (2012 course)

Figure 4: Equal Area Criteria for stable operation

At angle δ1 the mechanical input PM 1 = Pe i.e. accelerating power is zero, but the rotor angle
continuous to increase. After point b the accelerating power becomes negative, so rotor speed
begins to reduce but angle still increases upto δ2 . At this angle the speed of the machine is
equal to synchronous speed of the machine and the decelerating area A2 equals the accelerating
Rδ2
area A1 i.e. P a · dδ = 0 . Since the rotor is decelerating, speed reduces below synchronous
δe0
speed the rotor angle begins to reduce. Now state point travels in opposite direction on P − δ
curve. As the oscillation decay out because of inherent system damping, the system settles to
new steady state where
PM 1 = Pe = Pmax sin δ1 (13)
From Fig., area A1 and A2 are given by
Zδ1
A1 = (PM 1 − Pe )dδe (14)
δ0
Zδ2
A2 = (Pe − PM 1 )dδe (15)
δ1

For the system to be stable, it should be to find angle such that A1 = A)2. As PM 1 is increased,
a limiting condition is finally reached when A1 equals the area above PM 1 as shown in Fig.,
under this condition acquires the maximum value such that
PM 1
δ2 = δmax = π − sin−1 (16)
Pmax
Any future increase in PM 1 means that the area available for A2 is less that A1 , so that the
excess kinetic energy causes δ2 to increase beyond point c and decelerating power changes over
to accelerating power. So the system will become unstable.
The system will remain stable even though the rotor angle oscillates beyond δ2 = 900 , so
long equal area criteria is met. The condition of δ = 900 is meant for use in steady state
stability only and does not apply to transient case.

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Power System Operation and Control B.E. Electrical (2012 course)

Figure 5: Equal Area Criteria for stable operation

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Power System Operation and Control B.E. Electrical (2012 course)

Problem:
Group-I:A synchronous generator is connected to infinite bus through j0.15 pu reactance. The
synchronous generator is represented by voltage of 1 pu behind a reactance of j0.8 pu and it
is delivering 0.5 pu power to load. If the mechanical input is increased to 0.8pu. Determine
transient stability of the generator. Use equal area criteria.
Group-II: If mechanical input to machine is increased to 0.9pu, determine transient stability

Figure 6: Problem of Group-II

of system. Use equal area criteria.

Group-III:A synchronous generator of 1000MW is connected to infinite bus of 11kV through
8% pu reactance. The synchronous generator is represented by voltage of 11kV behind a reac-
tance of 20% reactance and it is delivering 500MW pu power to load. If the mechanical input
is increased to 800MW. Determine transient stability of the generator. Take base as 1000MVA,
11kV on generator. Use equal area criteria.
Group-IV: If mechanical input to machine is increased to 900MW, determine transient sta-

Figure 7: Problem of Group-IV

bility of system.Take base as 1000MVA, 11kV on generator. Use equal area criteria.
Group-V:A synchronous generator of 1200MW is connected to infinite bus of 11kV through
10% pu reactance. The synchronous generator is represented by voltage of 11.2kV behind a
reactance of 20% reactance and it is delivering 600MW pu power to load. If the mechanical
input is increased to 800MW. Determine transient stability of the generator. Take base as
1200MVA, 11kV on generator. Use equal area criteria.
Group-VI: If mechanical input to machine is increased to 2500MW, determine transient sta-

Figure 8: Problem of Group-VI

bility of system.Take base as 1200MVA, 11kV on generator. Use equal area criteria.

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Power System Operation and Control B.E. Electrical (2012 course)

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Department of Electrical Engineering, KKWIEE&R,Nashik
Power System Operation and Control B.E. Electrical (2012 course)

Program:
clc; clear all;
E=input(‘EMF induced in pu=’);
V=input(‘Voltage of infinite bus-bar in pu=’);
X=input(‘Transfer reactance in pu=’);
Pm0=input(‘Mechanical input before disturbance in pu=’);
Pm1=input(‘Mechanical input after disturbance in pu=’);
Pmax=E*V/X;
Pe=Pm0;
d0=asin(Pm0/Pmax);
d1=asin(Pm1/Pmax);
dmax=pi-d1;
d2=dmax;
A1=Pm1*(d1-d0)-Pmax*(cos(d0)-cos(d1));
A2max=Pmax*(cos(d1)-cos(dmax))-Pm1*(dmax-d1);
if A2max>A1
sprintf(‘The system is stable as A2max>A1’)
else
sprintf(‘The system is unstable as A2max<A1’)
end
i=1;
for d=0:0.001:pi
pm0(i)=Pm0; pm1(i)=Pm1; pe(i)=Pmax*sin(d);
i=i+1;
end
d=0:0.001:pi;
plot(d,pm0,‘–’,‘LineWidth’,4)
hold on
plot(d,pm1,‘-.’,‘LineWidth’,4)
plot(d,pe,‘-’,‘LineWidth’,4)
legend(‘Mechanical Input before disturbance’, ‘Mechanical Input after disturbance’,... ‘Electri-
cal Output’)
i=1;
for x=d0:0.001:dmax
A(i)=Pmax*sin(x);
i=i+1;
end
x=d0:0.001:dmax; area(x,A,Pm1);
hold off

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Power System Operation and Control B.E. Electrical (2012 course)

Conclusion:

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Questions:

• Define transient stability and corresponding causes.

• What is the relation between inertia constant J, M and H?

• Give swing equation of synchronous generator in terms of all inertia constants.

• What is equal area criteria?

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Power System Operation and Control B.E. Electrical (2012 course)

• The synchronous machine will stable in transient state if . . . . . .?

1. Accelerating Area > Deceleration area
2. Deceleration Area > Accelerating area
3. Deceleration Area ≥ Accelerating area
4. None of the above

• Which statement is incorrect?

1. Increase in terminal voltage and induced emf increases transient stability limit.
2. Decrease in terminal voltage and induced emf increases transient stability limit.
3. Operating machine just less than 900 will maintain stability.
4. Increase in maximum power transfer capability increases transient stability limit.

• Increase in inertia constant causes

1. Increases transient stability limit.
2. Decrease transient stability limit.
3. No effect on transient stability
4. None of the above

• What are assumption made in transient stability analysis?

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