Digital Image Processing

(CSC 352)
2022 – 2023
Lecture-1
Dr: Mary monir saied
Email: [email protected]
Agenda

 Course Outlines

 Introduction & Overview

 Applications of Image Processing

 Fundamental Steps of DIP

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Agenda

 Course Outlines

 Introduction & Overview

 Applications of Image Processing

 Fundamental Steps of DIP

3
Course Assessment

Method Marks
ORAL 10
PRACTICAL 10
Midterm Exam 20
Final Exam 60
Total 100
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Course Labs

 Course Labs :
Practical Implementations using Matlab.

 Course TA’s:
Eng. Hadeer Mostafa
Eng. Kyrils Sammy

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Course – Text Book and References
• Digital Image Processing, 4rd edition, Rafael C.
Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, Prentice
Hall, 2008, http://www.imageprocessingplace.com

• Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB, 2nd edition,

Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, and Steven L.
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Eddins, Gatesmark Publishing, 2009.
Agenda

 Course Outlines

 Introduction & Overview

 Applications of Image Processing

 Fundamental Steps of DIP

7
 Overview
 Early days of computing – data was numerical

 Later, textual data became more common

 Today, many other forms of data: voice, speech, images,

video, web, etc.

 Each of these types of data are signals.

 defined, a signal is a function that conveys information.

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What is the Signal?

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What is the Signal?

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What is the Signal?

ECG signal

EEG signal
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What is the Signal?

By a signal we mean any variable that carries or

contains some kind of information that can be
conveyed, displayed or manipulated.

Variable of Signals：
Time/Distance/Temperature/Voltage
One-dimensional Signals： Single variable y=x(t)
Two-dimensional Signals： Two variables f(x, y)
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Three-dimensional Signals ：Three variables f(x, y, t)
 What is the Signal?
 Signal is a function of one or more independent variables such
as time, distance, position, temperature and pressure.
An audio signal is created by changes in air pressure, and
therefore can be represented by a function of time f(t) with f
representing the air pressure due to the sound at time t.

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What is the Signal?
A gray image can be represented as a function f(x, y)
of two variables. Here (x, y) denotes a particular point
on the image, and the value f(x, y) denotes the
brightness (or gray level) of the image at that point.

1
pix
el

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What is the Signal?
A video can be thought of as a sequence of images.
Hence, a black and white video signal can be
represented by a function f(x, y, t) of three variables
(two spatial variables and time).

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Fields that deal with Images
 Computer Graphics: Creation of images synthetically.

Image Processing: Enhancement or manipulation of the image

– the result of which is usually another image.

 Video Processing :Similar with image processing, but

processing of multiple images/frames.

 Computer Vision: Analysis and understanding of image

content.

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What is an Image?

 An image is a single picture which represents something.

 A single image is called snapshot or frame.

 A sequence of images taken in continues interval is called

video.

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Why image processing?

► Image processing involves changing the nature of an image

in order to either:

1) Improve its pictorial information for human interpretation

• Humans like their images to be sharp, clear and detailed.

2) Render it more suitable for autonomous machine perception.

• Machines prefer their images to be simple and
uncluttered.

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What is a Digital Image?
•A digital image is a representation of a two-
dimensional image as a finite set of digital values,
called picture elements or pixels

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What is a Digital Image?
An image is a 2D function f(x,y), where x and y
are spatial coordinates and the magnitude of f
at any point is called the intensity of the image
at that point.
When x, y and the intensity are discrete quantities
we call the image a digital image
The elements of a digital image are referred to
as pixels
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What is a Digital Image? – (cont.)

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 What is a Digital Image? – (cont.)

y
(0,0)

1 pixel

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x f(x,y)
What is a Digital Image? – (cont.)

•Types of an image:
• 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
• 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)

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Image Types : Binary Image
Binary image or black and white image
Each pixel contains one bit :
1 represent white
0 represents black

Binary data
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
 
1 1 1 1 24
 
1 1 1 1
Digital Image Types : Grayscale Images
Grayscale Images
Each pixel is usually stored as
a byte (value between 0 to 255)

Gray scale values

10 10 16 28
 9 6 26 37
 
15 25 13 22
 
32 15 87 39 25
Digital Image Types : RGB Image
Color image or RGB image:
each pixel contains a vector
representing red, green and
blue components.

RGB components
10 10 16 28
 9 656 70 26
56  43
3756  78
 32 99 54 96  67 
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15 256013902296  67
  21  54 47  42  26
32 158587853943  92
54  65 65 39 
32 65 87 99
 Image Types : Index Image
Index image
Each pixel contains index number pointing to a color in a color table

Color Table

Index Red Green Blue

component component component
No.
1 0.1 0.5 0.3
2 1.0 0.0 0.0
1 4 9 
6 4 7  3 0.0 1.0 0.0
 
6 5 2 4 0.5 0.5 0.5
5 0.2 0.8 0.9
Index value … … … …
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Matrix Representation of Images
 A digital image can be written as a matrix

 x[0, 0] x[0,1] x[0, N  1] 

 x[1, 0] x[1,1] x[1, N  1] 
x[n1 , n2 ]  
 
 
 x[ M  1, 0] x[ M  1, N  1] MxN

35 45 20 
 43 64 52 
 
10 29 39 

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How are images represented in the computer?

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What is DIP?

• DIP: Processing of a digital image by means

of a computer.
• Why do we process images?
 To facilitate their storage and transmission
 To prepare them for display or printing
 To enhance or restore them
 To extract information from them
 To hide information in them 30
What is DIP?
 The continuum from image processing to computer vision can
be broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes.

Image Image Machine

Processing Analysis Vision

Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process

Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene
removal, image recognition, understanding,
sharpening segmentation autonomous navigation
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In this course we will

stop here
What is processing?
• Low-level processing: the input is image and the
output is image. (primitive operations, e.g., scaling,
coloring…etc).
• Mid-level processing: the input is image and the
output is features, objects, regions, …etc. for
recognition and classification, …
• High-level processing: the input is recognized
objects, regions,… and the output is understanding,
making sense, …etc. This is the field of computer
vision image understanding, image analysis,…
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Agenda

 Course Outlines

 Introduction & Overview

 Applications of Image Processing

 Fundamental Steps of DIP

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3. Applications
– Image enhancement/restoration.
– Medical field
– Machine/Robot vision
– Video processing
– Human computer interfaces.
– Others

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3. Example Applications – (cont.)
- Image Enhancement/restoration: One of
the most common uses of DIP techniques:
improve quality, remove noise, etc.

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3. Example Applications – (cont.)
- Image Enhancement/restoration: One of the
most common uses of DIP techniques: improve
quality, remove noise, etc.

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3. Example Applications – (cont.)
- Image Enhancement

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3. Example Applications – (cont.)
Noise Removal

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3. Example Applications – (cont.)
Contrast Adjustment

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3. Example Applications – (cont.)
- Image Restoration

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3. Example Applications – (cont.)
Edge Detection

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3. Example Applications – (cont.)

- Image Compression

Original image JPEG compressed JPEG compressed

64 KB 15 KB 9 KB
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3. Example Applications – (cont.)
Region Detection, Segmentation

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3. Example Applications – (cont.)

Face Recognition

Search in the
database

Surveillance video

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Agenda

 Course Outlines

 Introduction & Overview

 Applications of Image Processing

 Fundamental Steps of DIP

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4. Fundamental Steps of DIP

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4. Fundamental Steps of DIP (cont.)

Example: Take a picture

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4. Fundamental Steps of DIP (cont.)

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Image Enhancement

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Example: Change contrast
4. Fundamental Steps of DIP (cont.)
Image Enhancement:

 The process of manipulating an image so that the result is

more suitable than the original for a specific application.

 Enhancement techniques are problem oriented.

 To bring out details that are obscured, or to highlight certain

features of interest in an image.

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4. Fundamental Steps of DIP (cont.)

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Example: Remove Noise

Example: Remove Noise

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4. Fundamental Steps of DIP (cont.)

Extract attributes useful for describing image

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4. Fundamental Steps of DIP (cont.)

Divide image into constituent parts

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4. Fundamental Steps of DIP (cont.)
Image regions transformed suitable for
computer processing

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4. Fundamental Steps of DIP (cont.)

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4. Fundamental Steps of DIP (cont.)
Reduce image size (e.g. JPEG)

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4. Fundamental Steps of DIP (cont.)

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Thank You
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