SCIENCE 9
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer.Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of
death around the world. It comprises several conditions, including 6 reviewed in this scientific
statement: heart attack, heart failure, valve disease, stroke, heart rhythm disorders, and
peripheral artery and vein disease.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - Responsible for taking in oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Responsible for distributing/delivering materials throughout the
body and circulation
Heart, lungs, alveoli, pulmonary circulation - how the circulatory and respiratory systems work
together
Alveoli - exchange of gases take place
Body need oxygen - For burning digested food to provide energy to the body
Lifestyle factors such as lack of physical exercise, unhealthy eating, alcohol consumption,
and smoking can increase the risk of respiratory and circulatory diseases. [nfluence of lifestyle,
biological and other factors on subjective evaluation of physical functioning. A healthy lifestyle
through constant exercise and diet affects the functioning of the respiratory system by ensuring
that the blood gets enough oxygen and ensuring that enough carbon dioxide is released. When
you are physically active, your heart and lungs work harder to get extra oxygen to your muscles.
So, not only are you making your muscles stronger, but every time you do aerobic or strength
training exercises, you are strengthening your lungs and heart.
HEREDITY (MENDELIAN AND NONMENDELIAN PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE)
Genes - refers to the unit of heredity transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to
determine some characteristics of offspring
Chromosomes - refers to a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus
of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
Law of segregation - Mendelian law states that the two copies of each gene separate, making the
offspring acquire one copy from each parent
Mutation - happens when the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is altered
22 - pairs of autosomal chromosomes in humans
Two genotypes AaBb will produce 8 gametes
Homozygous - an individual who has two of the same alleles
Tetrahybrid - crosses produces the highest proportion of heterozygous individuals and
Phenotypes
When a red is dominant over white, RR is the genotype of a homozygous dominant individual
Incomplete dominance - is a type of inheritance when the heterozygous phenotype is a mixture
of the two homozygous phenotypes.
Codominance - both the dominant and recessive trait is expressed completely, BOTH phenotypes
are present
Polygenic inheritance - is composed of 2 or more genes that affect 1 phenotype.
Multifactorial inheritance - its phenotype depends on the environment as well as on the genotype
Phenotype - is the physical expression of alleles
Genotype - BB, Bb, and bb are examples of this type of allele
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The primary function of the leaf is for Photosynthesis
Thylakoids - light-dependent in the chloroplast occur
Stroma - do light-independent in the chloroplast occur
The main function of a stoma - Exchange of gases
Environmental conditions would likely increase the rate of photosynthesis - Increase in light
Intensity
GLUCOSE – a compound the oxygen release during photosynthesis
2 ATP and 2 NADPH - is the net product of glycolysis
12 ATP - is the net product per turn of the Krebs cycle.
Water and ATP - These are the end products of the electron transport chain.
Chloroplast - is an organelle where photosynthesis takes place
