EE330: Power Systems

Module 0 Lecture 1
Power Systems: General Introduction

Copyright Clause
The instructor of this course (Dr. Abheejeet Mohapatra) owns the copyright of all the course materials. This
lecture material was distributed only to the students attending the course EE330 of IIT Kanpur, and should not be
distributed in print or through electronic media without the consent of the instructor. Students can make their
own copies of the course materials for their use.

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 General instructions about course
➢ All course details are available here
➢ Grading scheme: Relative
➢ Evaluation Quizzes 30%
Mid-sem exam 35%
End-sem exam 35%
Total 100%
➢ Reference books are given in FCH
➢ Refrain from plagiarism and any form of malpractice
➢ A tutorial session shall be used for discussion, and will
generally have a quiz
➢ No make-up for quizzes
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 History of Power Systems
➢ 1882 – first DC power system set up at Pearl Street Station
in New York city by Thomas Alva Edison to light 11000
bulbs for 500 customers
(http://ethw.org/Pearl_Street_Station)
➢ Operating voltage was 110V DC and later upgraded to
220V DC
➢ High copper losses in underground cables limited DC
power distribution to lower Manhattan area only
➢ Pearl Station burnt down on January 2, 1890 and later
decommissioned in 1895
➢ Transformers (William Stanley, 1885) & induction motors
(Nikola Tesla, 1888) made use of AC systems evident
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 History of Power Systems Contd.
➢ 1889 – first single phase AC system installed at Oregon city
➢ Power generation was from two 300 hp hydro generators
& transmitted to Portland via 4kV, 21 km transmission line
➢ 1891 – first 3 phase AC system installed in Germany for a
length of 179 km at 12kV voltage level
➢ Initially, there was no standard for frequency in 3 phase
power generation (varying between 25Hz – 133Hz)
➢ Interconnection and parallel operation of different power
systems was impossible
➢ Later, frequency was standardized at 60Hz (for USA and
Canada) and 50 Hz (for rest of the world)

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 History of Indian Power System
➢ Visit https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4510263/
➢ July 24, 1879 – first DC power system installed in Kolkata,
by P. W. Fluery and Co. (British administered company)
➢ 1896 – first hydro installation (130kW) in Darjeeling by
Crompton and Co.
➢ 1899 – first thermal power station (1MW) in Emambagh,
Kolkata by Calcutta electric supply company (CESU)
➢ 1948 – Electricity supply act lead to modernization
• State electricity boards: to regulate power generation,
transmission and distribution in each state
• Central Electricity Authority (CEA) to oversee planning &
development at national level

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 History of Indian Power System Contd.
➢ 1975 – Electricity supply act amended
• National Thermal Power Corp. (NTPC), National Hydro-
electric Power Corp. (NHPC), Nuclear Power Corp. of India
Ltd. (NPCIL) were established
➢ 1989 – NTPC segregated into
• NTPC – operation of central owned thermal plants
• Power Grid Corp. of India Ltd. (PGCIL) – planning, operation
and maintenance of grid between states
➢ 2003 Electricity act superseded all previous acts
• Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) formed
• PGCIL divided into PGCIL for planning and POwer System
Operation COrp. Ltd. (POSOCO) for operation of grid

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 History of Indian Power System Contd.
➢ 1991 – North Eastern & Eastern grids interconnected
➢ 2003 – Western grid interconnected to above
➢ 2006 – Northern grid interconnected to above
➢ 2013 – Southern grid interconnected to above to have
ONE NATION, ONE SYNCHRONOUS GRID
➢ Voltage levels in India
• 11.6kV and 21kV – generation
• 765kV, 400kV, 220kV, 132kV – transmission
• 33kV, 11kV – subtransmission/ distribution
• 415V 3 phase/ 230V 1 phase – consumption
➢ Renewable integration target is 500GW by 2030

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 An Overview of Indian Power Sector
Installed Gen. Capacity as on 31st May, 2023
Fuel MW %age
Total Thermal 2,37,269 56.9
Coal 2,05,235 49.1
Lignite 6,620 1.6
Gas 24,824 6.0 **Renewable Energy Sources(RES)
include Small Hydro, Bio-mass/gas, Urban
Diesel 589 0.1 & Ind. Waste, Solar and wind

Hydro (Renewable) 46,850 11.2

Nuclear 6,780 1.6
RES** (MNRE) 1,26,769 30.3
Total 4,17,668

Sector MW %age
State Sector 1,05,726 25.3
All India Thermal Plant Load Factor :
Central Sector 1,00,055 24.0 66.34% (provisional – May 2023)
Private Sector 2,11,887 50.7
Total 4,17,668
Source: www.cea.nic.in , https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india
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 Some of the recent concerns
➢ Limited expansion of transmission network as compared to
the generation expansion
• Most of existing conventional gen and T & D system is old
• Emphasis on combined expansion planning
• Ancillary services – reactive power planning
• Reforms in distribution networks/ microgrids/ smart grids
➢ Increased non-technical T & D losses
➢ Lack of dynamic data for health monitoring and control
➢ Increased concern towards vulnerability and resilience of
the system under natural and man made disasters
➢ Growing environmental concerns – Renewable integration
➢ Poor customer participation in energy management syst.
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 Smart Grid Network
Transformed Power System Network - Utilities are poised to move from
the traditional power system to a highly flexible, secured and green power
system by using integrated communications and advanced control technology.
Wind Farm Industry
Energy Storage Commercial
EV

Generation Residential
Transmission
Distribution
Network
Distribution

Roof Top
Solar

Microgrid
Wind
Solar Farm Farm
Power Flow in Smart Grid
Intelligent ICT Network
Power Flow in conventional Power System
(Fig. Source: Internet)

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 Indian Power Sector Management
Central Sector
Organizations Authorities R & D & Training
IPPs
CEA, RPCs CPRI, NPTI, PSTI
• Generating Utilities:
NTPC, NHPC,
NEEPCO, NPCIL Appellate
Tribunal
• Transmission utility:
POWERGRID Regulator
Central Govt. (MOP, MNRE) CERC
• System Operation:
NLDC, RLDCs Power Exchange
(POSOCO) • IEX
• PXIL
• Finance: PFC

• Rural Electrification State Govt. Regulator

REC SERC

State Sector
Trading Cos. • Generation Other
• PTC India • Transmission DISCOM
• NVVNL, ... • Distribution State IPPs

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 Power System Operation
➢ Electric power system is a complex man made system with
several interconnected elements and spread over a large
geographical area
➢ Typical elements are
• Generation
• Transformers
• Transmission & Distribution
• Loads
➢ Classical vertically integrated power system has moved
towards deregulation
➢ Several utilities own, control and operate different
elements (except Transmission system which is still owned
and regulated by POSOCO [now known as Grid-India since
in Nov 15, 2022] and PGCIL in India)
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 Power System Operation
➢ Five RLDCs and at national level: NLDC (owned by Grid-
India)
➢ Two exchanges in operation: India Energy Exchange (IEX)
and Power Exchange India Limited (PXIL) – 2008
➢ Synchrophasor based WAMS being deployed in Regional
grids
➢ PMUs provide voltage and current phasors, freq and df/dt
➢ Primary governor control action mandatory as per grid
code
➢ Under frequency and rate of change of freq (df/dt) based
relays for load shedding under emergency condition

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 Attributes of a Good power system
➢ QUALITY : Continuous supply at desired f and V
➢ RELIABILITY: Minimum loss of load / failure rates
➢ STABILITY : Synchronism (V, f) under disturbances
➢ ECONOMY: Minimum cost – operation & maintenance
➢ SECURITY : Normalcy of system during contingencies

Provision of Energy Management System (EMS) at

Energy Control Centre (ECC)

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 Generation
➢ Generation system typically consists
• prime mover/ turbine – source of mechanical power
• synchronous generator/ alternator – converts mechanical
power to 3 phase electrical power
➢ 3 phase AC power generation is a world wide standard
➢ Typical prime mover/ turbine is fed power through
• steam generated through burning of coal (thermal) or
fission (nuclear) reaction – high rpm turbines, cylindrical
pole rotor in alternator
• hydro – low rpm turbine, salient pole rotor in alternator
➢ Typical alternator has two parts
• Stator - 3 phase armature or stator windings
• Rotor - connected on same shaft as turbine, carries DC
current
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 Generation Contd.

➢ Stator field is produced by three phase currents

➢ Stator field rotates at ‘synchronous speed’
➢ Rotor field is produced by DC current
➢ Rotor rotates at ‘synchronous speed’
➢ Rotor excitation circuit supplies and controls the reactive
power supplied/ absorbed by alternator
➢ Turbine power regulates real power supplied by alternator
➢ Practically, an alternator should never absorb real power
➢ Typical voltage generated at alternator terminal is about 3
phase, line to line 20 – 25kV

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 Transmission and Transformers
➢ Transmission system transmits electrical power from
far end generation to places near loads
➢ High voltages are preferred for minimum copper loss
➢ Step up transformer increases generation voltage level
to high voltage of transmission system
➢ Transformers operate at high efficiency and are reliable
➢ Step down transformer brings down the voltage level
to 11kV/ 33kV at subtransmission level
➢ Distribution transformer further steps down to 3 phase
415V or single phase 230V

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 Loads
➢ Entities which consume power and drive the electric
power system
➢ Industrial loads are fed at subtransmission level
• These are mainly induction motor loads whose power
consumption is function of system voltage and
frequency
• These also consume high reactive power and require
reactive power compensation at subtransmission level
➢ Residential loads are fed at distribution level
• These are mainly heating and lighting loads whose
power consumption is function of voltage only
➢ Inverters, battery storage systems and EVs
• Have distinct operating characteristics
• Mostly power electronics based loads (rich in injecting
harmonics)
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 Loads Contd.

➢ Real power unit is Watt (W)

➢ Reactive power unit is Volt Ampere reactive (VAr)
➢ Apparent power unit is Volt Ampere (VA)
➢ Energy unit is Watt hour (Wh)
➢ Loads vary & follow typical daily load curve
➢ Largest load or demand in a day is the peak demand
➢ Certain indices define usefulness of power consumption
➢ LOAD FACTOR (LF)
Average Demand (W ) in 24 hours
LF =
Peak Demand (W )

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 Loads Contd.
➢ ANNUAL LF
Annual energy generated (Wh)
Annual LF =
Peak demand (W )  8760 hours
➢ UTILIZATION FACTOR (UF)
Peak Demand (W )
UF =
Installed capacity (VA)
➢ PLANT FACTOR (PF)
Annual energy generated (Wh)
PF =
Installed capacity (VA)  8760 hours
➢ For economic plant utilization, these indices should be as
high as possible
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 Types of analysis in Power Systems
➢ Steady-state analysis
• Time period of interest – ideally ∞, no change in system
• Power/ load flow analysis
• For given snapshot of known network parameters, load and
generation powers, steady state bus voltages are evaluated
• Algebraic equations, Lumped sys. parameters
➢ Transient analysis
• Time period of interest – few seconds to few minutes
• Transient rotor stability, sub synchronous resonance
• Following an electromechanical disturbance (fault, gen.
tripping, line switching, etc.), is the system stable?
• Algebraic and differential equations, Lumped sys.
parameters
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 Types of analysis in Power Systems
➢ Sub-transient analysis
• Time period of interest – few milliseconds
• Fault / Short circuit analysis
• Following a disturbance, what can be done to let the system
remain stable (at least immediately after disturbance)?
• What is the maximum current flow?
• Aids in deciding relay settings, circuit breaker ratings, etc.
• Linearized system equations, Lumped system parameters
• Purely electrical in nature
• Mechanical dynamics ignored

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 Types of analysis in Power Systems
➢ Ultra-fast transient analysis
• Time period of interest – few micro to milliseconds
• Impulse insulation testing during lightening, EHV cable
switching
• Results in electromagnetic wave in line which can be
described as exchange on energy between inductance
(magnetic energy) and capacitance (electrostatic energy)
• High voltage build up/ current surge is evaluated
• Is system insulation capable of protecting the system?
• Coupled/ linearized differential equations, distributed
system parameters

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 Power System Protection
➢ Essential for satisfactory operation of power system
➢ System is subject to faults, accidental tripping, etc.
➢ Protection system typically consists of
• Fuses
• Instrument transformers – step down electrical voltage and
current to low voltage and current
• Relays – specific relay for each element
• Circuit breakers
➢ Instrument transformers sense system signals, relay
performs comparison and circuit breaker performs
disconnection of faulty system from healthy part of
system
➢ A good protection system should be simple, accurate,
reliable, and fast
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 Next module/ lecture
➢ Basic circuit principles

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