3orteunee

Waves

WaVe s

b the
meam the vesuta

Remank 1) elamial wavL

vesultat also

because tue

2) 34 te 4 the i t vats t ny
the

(G:)*)
As the igt vts talk
the averay

+ 2 <-E)
The folloing theev2m is iMwe linte vesarding the mmarima ad
I.
Theorcun 1
th same
frgnenia

( - t + s)
Let denote their phe diterne t any
point wit pnihon vet

8. - K - . + S, - 5,

Then, the inten sity onpepoi hon at tae porintis

Maximum
f
b Miimum or 8= t , t 3,

when E, and E ave polavi 4

along matuay pepndiu
Proof: The averae inteuity I, for E; is:
T
l)at

2.T

Similarly
No

2 l A bs B
-2ut *5,+5.

2T

s.-)- +(5-5)

Heneey
Then. ^
When
8 o, t 2+ ,t 4T,

When
 Thin aappens hen the liyt vect Ave pharit d
dng mwtually þupndiul direko.

ve swltin t wi foram inteasity irespeehe

henee
).
Definiheu - 2 The teTm 2 <E;) is caled the interferene
term wih is

implying cmstruckve intarferene (I Ima)

b negative for interferene (I Lain)
destructive
inplyig
the whole phenomenon is cald inteerane
digtt
veetr vetr
Kayht
Censtretive Destrueive.

When I I = Io ) the restant ineusity

Remark 1 The most

phenomenon is that the inten sity at ay parhula

point is ho- Lmgu the Aum totad niidl
intensihe the
Dne to the Preeenee tae iteferne tern
the res wttant itenity VAi

Atramty tuia imtliu beak- don

Pariu point is Loneeed.

Nr
phae dteenee S that depeudo
-the position vecby

Values a peniodie
interval [o, 2z] the
intarferenee term be
points
eovrapomding to tuin indervad, .e.;
.2

'aV. ov

Henee +
ay

Hemee, iten sity i alaly Lon serVd ovn all

peints.
 many WAVe s

tmeiduing
the
Snupapoccd Vzutor

be

epressions:
they

e s
i (a5) i38)
t e

iNS/ -iNS/A

e
e

sinbsh) Re
Si 5)
 frmt.
Wave
sndary turexperimed
o sit
Yeungs' JnSoure behaves
point each rintle Hygeus' toDne
perimet Ex sit Duble- ny
You
-front divisiu Interfeee
by A
Wave
fot In-coherant
wave front WAVe Cohereu
Realiation fxpevimewtad T)
Experimeut ;
The vays Loming ron a point
Souree S fall
Pinholes at S, and S,
siuated close to each other.
at
point
secondary
Sour ees

ave pha Ond

A
beams them aYe

Super posed intae regiou be yond A.

An inderferee patem is tormed
Beures.

I
S
(*s,9,9) P:r(s1,)
wayea
The

fonpenposd at þeint
are

t
dinstone P(*>7,*)
TheBew is pavalle! t XZ plane
 Prsko vecbr S,

Hence, s - k-z)i

Hence, the path ditfev enee between te Waves

is

No,

2 x. 2 %o

4xXo BCYeen is at
As the

2 2no

S- 27 A
The cerenponding phane ditferene
2. X^o
2*
Fey nstruchve interferene 8 = 2 m

L.e.
7= 2 m

A
2 o

For des47uetive interferene

4o

briyt frig 2 zo
wt dark (2m+)2t.
And

Spaciny between tn cmsecutive briyt

Ringe -witt
6Y davk fringe

2
22

DarK width

2 o

20
 Remark 1
Fringe Ptterw

1-*

The
fringes formed Gu the
axis for
E). ringes
sffiiently lge value

Reman
Foy the ceutad fring ond
Thin Can happen t is a
briyt fringe.
Remark 3
The actual shape 9thefringes i
path di Herene

(a+*)
*+ ** - 2 x,* +%, +
 (-)* - &
Now, 2x,> the ditane betwen s, amd s,
is than path ditferene
Henee the above reseles Aypupola .
Vaues t.e.
for mmall

4 - A

lnstat

For nstat path aitferene A

beome PAlel to
frig

Re mark 4
Displacemeut fringe
trans par eat sheet 4 rfractive index u
Placing
Cause shitt
ideraton :
follooing
 A
4

- (4-) * . 4
- &z,

(+)

.......

4x* -| 4

4 -| 4

ypsboie
cirular

byrubolie
 Lt te thickness sheet d
placed
Bonewhere between
The time YAqire d for ligut to reach Pfrom s, is :
t =
19 velocity 4 Litt in
free space
19 veloity 4 itt insid
the trans pavent shut

the
Let uS Conside the Aocaion any point P as he

+ locahon 4 cantd fringe before inserting

te sheet

Qud after
o

After insehngthe seet fr the centad fring

s,o+ C-)d s,o

On te othes haw

For tun ,o-s,o' = (oo) Here, xs oo

(oo) dlacemt

This method can loe used to determine the thickness a an

extremnely thin trans paYent sheet.
B. Interferenu by diision f amplitude
Tue o e. cm interference pattern, Thin tilm

are t

Surfaces (upper and

A
Lrwer ves pectively ) of
plate made a
transparent materiad.

The plate illumiated point Souree S

is by
chromatie ligat. The point P is veached by to
he
md
Yays
We t the follaing obsevations :
n the sawme
A nonlocalized interference patern
Fhde the pate
iw the
Due to symmetry around
plate ave
the
cirula
fringes
avound
plane paralel to the

Explanation:
The opheal path differenee batwaen the rays
and SABCEP is
SADP

From e0meticad cmiderati en AB = BC

los '
AN = AC Sin e 2h tane) Sin
Frow Snell's law vefcion
Hene

2h

tauo

there is
9 addien to tis pate ditteremee,
dferene T gvalent to a path
Rxtra phane
differene 2
Caused by eflectien at A, fron
by denser medium
which is backed
the
refehion at B, from the sunfae T, backed by
The
rare medium, will hot Ause any ehe phaAse .
Hhe nel phae differene

for bright tringe i

m
m 0!,2, -.
 fringe i

Remark 1.
B.
Jntertvcnee by

Tro beam
inderferenu patern, thin film
eniibited When a beam A hite
Beauhtal olous are
ften
eytended
wate from Aoas bndble.
enplained basis
thee phenomena eam be
ratlect from t pper omd
intatere Wawe

the drwer
i> Interferenee P

nd CD be the
Let AB

beunding sutaces 4a
wedg-shaped
thin
fibm enclosing
Suppose Yay PR
tomonolaromaie iyut
WAVelentw 2 is inident
will be pArtly refleeted adong Q0
This ay
trom the surfaee AB amd partly
vefractd along QR.
The a aR after beig partly rflact from the
ray Qo at
emarges long SO nd meets
and So are derived from the same ineideul
the
vays coherent. lombine
PQ and henee They
interferenee phenomena
PYo duee
The Path diftferene 4 te to refetad interfering beams,

A ratractive idex the t

Snell's law

Sin i an/as RN
Sin

(na+ R)

(-)
2 brs (r-) RS

ARS L

RS
SL
RS

at s

path ditferuee
 J addi tibn to thin patt diferanee, the is

quivdent t A

Caused rfetian at a, fron the surtae backed

denser medium. reflhtin at R, fron the
baeked by medium, ill not

chang
t d path differunee betuw the tuo
Henu, the

londihens marima and minima i

maxia
mulhples

odd mulhkpler A
) m0,', 2,3,:.
2d n (r-) (2m+)

Note for A
paraled film
Remark 1 Nie ith mmochromahie liut
monolromahie iyt is inident
When paYallel be a m
(a,A and r are cemstauh)
varying hickness . willbe otand
ordeY Mumbers (m) the tringes
Hene tferut A4 the thin
for differeut thicknesses (4) 4 the fil path differene
the
where is
the
Hence this thin edye
6he otou but to
bo dark not liyt
the ordey
4 the film increases,
As the thikness,
also incvea ses . Thus a tringe
number the
finge ill be the Aoeus the point
iven order umher
4 a Bame .
here is yemaing
4 the fila surfacesget staight
We
perfeetly plane
pärallel

intersectiou the

Remark 2 tin
When te
part the fin, then the
pth aitferene betueen
is the
dark ith wute Aigtt
 Remark 3
{ the fia surfaces Ave plane- pava lled
and parallel beam monolmatie is inidet
obliqaly then
all cowstant but ill Vary wrth te indlinatiw d
the paralel beam with the
Henee the

bright dark (dependipom the Vae

I{ the parallel bean is incident

them Ave al conctamts amd
hormaly
Grs 1.
dark aording the thicknen
briglt M

darkem:

RemarK4 with white itt

Frigo is incidenl en a thin wedge
pava llel beam ite ight be ditferet
hen
A amd wil
shaped the Valen
colours. AF he thinner ede
itfern
for liub 4 thitkoes (a)is prachaly
the film, the
ill be
ahd o(r-) (m )
 Newten's Rings
Nuw ta's ving
frmed by thin

plans - euve lens AeA A

Is placed na glass
plate PO&. He AY

cnsidering the inkfera

aphred behieen the sufae ,

lens Aos ) ad the surfeee , (tass plate roa)
is achicved
Thin is wedge shaped thin film and iderference
by diisiom q ampli tude.
The Ligt reflet froM th
from the Aufece will thee fore interfere

path traveY Sed by the ray veflectd by the s shee

hi
phaae difertue that develsbs dne to the retle
medinm
denseY

The lens sually 4 lmge Tadius curvature [ach that

peimn
the ickness 2 the flm is very Small. The
arrangemut is Ao designd hat igtt fuils

Under Such ir cum stances the optieal path iffence betwe

tu SwecesSIve reflected Hayes Cnd Ns,R, shown
fiye will be.
[, ]
 where

be TAYeY than the media,

Here, We aSsume the filn t ofteall
above below.

Thevefore, WaveS

even m lhiple A
2

odd

: , !, 2,3,
brigtfring? (m)2
For destructive inteference,
2 m
danh

Renark1
tuickhess at the point coact is
As the
fringe ill be dark
the cenrad
RemarK 2 Since the mde the leus is a sphenical
Will be constant
the ttiiekhess
4 resnlt cheenti
irde. As
riat frings ill be

Remark3 The

14 the poeint E
tondihom n brighdness (or davknes)
then all
ciru mference a cirde
4Yadius DE will be - - Tm
briht (or dar), Thus, we
shal get a briglt (or dars) p
 wh order hose Tadius is

g<omehca mideYatien
curvatye
R Ra dins
Conve*
4 the
sarface
R-R
2Rt -
2R
(n A).
m

for

2 ud (mt)A
> 2
2R 2

(2m+i) AR
2
Stmilarly f
2
Thus we fnd that te radi q tte brigad ninge
Proporiomal to
that a the dark ings Ae proporkmad to a2m (34
even natural numbes) This fact reflet
Hhe ob cervatioy that the ings appear lose
to each othe ith radins