Applied

Physics
Nome: Prabal Singh
Section: . Tech Ccs), Section-D
Sub-lode: 3S- 105
Emell Id: CST-56
Faculty Name: DR. Aiay Pal Indolia
01- The indind toeeo cf a Biprísm o He gleso (U=js)
ma kis
om tae Tipniam and illurminatd by light wonbyh
ssoo A- Fivd fnig width at ditana af 1 metnf
the Bi-pnisra.
To calculade hn frige wdth, we can Use dhe forma la for
a
biphik idhin intofone pateon prbad by a
bipmis:

. d is Ho Aeporatien betwen tu vintal sla fomd

d = 2xh Sing

inclatia
pnism (ao
d= 2X0-1 x Sin (20)
de 2x0-2 X0-342
de o-ob84m
SSooX lo "m S-sX \0 m

0694

B3-04 lm

.'. Fninge width iais agpaoriwethly 8-04Mm.

-2- Dociby and xplain h lona tien,al Neuton's ingb. Prov
hot
thot inin llcted 'Liaht, diamrtere ldon knings ne pnsport
to tho buorndaflectd
nost hatalal nuwbos!
numbero!aternating dan k grd
Newton's nings aru concethic
bright chclan banda botun
obsonvsd4whun
kpheni/nt i
f8m a tin ain gap a

Can' be
waves
1.
ellaus:
convey lena Calns with on lat sufoce and
Shup: plamo- conex
ono cynud gunfac) is blaced a flat bao phte. he
Corved Aunfaco a o ensis in coutact with te plate,
ain gap betuen the lens ad ta plato.
laviy a thin air
2- Itafonanca: Lght en,the

ain gap H/ Pat gbs plate), and soni

(Hhu cumvad unface
lea)."Te Ught from both afoc tens îin tonfonaa
witth each othen.
when the path dioncg brtarn, de tuo ufhcad oya
integen mutiple, o a nauleng dh Cmd), onatrucia
intenfon nto ccund, lhding to bkight nings.
),distruthive intorllnonce occuno,
leadinf to dank'
Donivatien

fon dustnuctive interfoane

2t = (m+)A
Thicknas t;
t=n
2R
whene R is tte nadius, o cunvatws af Plae- convx lena
n is the Hadial distaco fra he catne
puttiny in
- (mt)
 Vn) R
fn mth dank aig
Diameten t Dank ninga
D.m = 2 2Vt4 )AR

9-3- Newdon' ning o'plan cunad auac

aincl

cunveo sunfac is loocm

cunvatoe of
ifnactia index f iguic.
Find 4he
who
-in nediuen
bunveturn cunvd surfac.
m 6
numbon

Aypid
boo Xlo

3-mm 3-1Xlom
D,
3-SS X I0 m

1-SsY lo
Gapanty boti sid
-lo
2-to 2SX 10 x6o0Xlo
h
n= Je433
2-4025 Xlo6 Ls
Refroctive îndex ligui isAppox.
4- Exolain he dilennco bto e h
Dctim. Discuso phengnon of Fa unhofen,
oitY s l r t and how dhat teubtiy
inten oity thea Akcrsjv maxíum io neonly 1:(4/9):
(4 2s:/49 1?) aud so on.
1Tntenlehence (haws
QccunD when two an, mone cohenert waves
relationship) Supen pose. JR6 leads to
a Patton fo ltrmatig bnight Donk' in tonfnanco.
Intenfenencs fa typicaly obstnwd with light on soudlwoves
yow
and is Camanly panimtnta
experinonl?
" Ta key chona ctoristic af intfor
the iteracton of tuo oh
2- Dioc tien
hey rcouton am obotac lelon apatune hi dyne,
draction,dependa
obotack/ apentwro.
4hi bize of hd
"Difnaction can aecun with and
aydyko aolligt,wavway
mast noticeable
watorn waea), and it islangn a when
a h "
to on ham te
to Compahable
obstacle apentus.
Fraunhofen Dillraction ata single sit
Freunhoten
Pattern otdillnactian
Ho absenved obschuatio
Chon panallol 'nayaJrafar
ad te is
hrough a slit.

conalden mono chome ght

width a,
f
Ma scnoe n at alay Hates
hom he slit.
inimum itenaity:
aSino 2
Tatenuity distnibutian:

0*o Gon central smarimum) hao highest inteesity

 Ihe fhot matnimum gccuns ato whone a Sin A
The seoond minilAU gccurs at Bz where a Sin &, 22A

can be expsad da
"J,/I z1 (autnal marima).
Tz/To

ad
Ite he intemaity of e succesaive mayiana deer taots
approximalaly as:
1 : g72
4 4
252
8-S- what do you wdenst He kwidth a
Pantieala bpectra
Amamiparcito gud oa cities of e ghatig
,miasing 4o fa ponomsnon
orden octrum, gilarphonmally in,
are abses
dlfnoctio whone contajn dirgction opdio
nonmally be present
the tmum hat wolld
apectnu,that
fnoim e sprenoctam
accondig to the difractian,equatia!
gua thar. anglk o fon te
fractian
difnactin gratig,
Jn ddoghe b
the di

In the
a diac he pateny forpd deponda
en alfenaten tranb parent dod opaqu ngion.
Te Tresspanamyioa hene lipht posea thyraugh)
tiamsprant
bofena Crpions hot
aud to opaguu
when the width slito an he lrachio
trans Paneat may
ana egua, theof ating produr a
bonníerowih,cantain,
Pattenn e highon ondeno
be othtuts
ondno would typicglly hove be0n produad by
4,-) dhat
with wnegual alit and banior widtha
omatiy
 to phenanagy
plain tto pherounan deuble refcta in calefte
Poanlanlcati
iYAtals: duchibe he coustmuctom, wohking ont plicati
Nicol priom. kow ib it usod as a polaneon adan analyan
fractian, also Known os binf
nafractign,
P'honom vbn whont á lght aY, Po into t g hays
Mofaniala, Auch
Ondi calEte, splto na endinany
uch as callite,
dinany, ray (O-nay) ang e
dicttes wita the cnystal
when yrpolonizad light entens a cabit cHyetal,
taplta
intoThethogndihamy
ayai hay travh torough to cnyatal wita
aa ufnactio fndex n-C actio fndey
" T ertro ondiony ray trovtls with aneractia
atwhich he nay
ne hot, vonits opediAn te aglk at
fyactie indigs, , dnd ne, ae dent,
Becauar dle hnaula ot difft apeda TAia hrsulta
tho tuo, payo
indaubk ofrattio
Ncol Prls
Canstru ctin of
Caleite: Aaiyle cyotal f caleite je frct at
1- Crystalo
Cutng the
the Cryata: TR
Te caleite c(myatal is canofally cut,
2 spacille dinct1isn o

3- CemenIA wnt cach then

slighty cement.
transphe
uoiny
dha pniam inpotat Ta, prikm îs cut bych tat
ohoontinay nay io
ta alang ke divchio
plae of cnyptal's optical axis lia
thy plae
prls m'sa sukfacs .
Werking
han upolahiz4d light entng the Nicpl pria,+ rcotens
eTheohdinany 4hveb straight thnough to prism
M i4 abson bed an blecked by ad intéfaca.
 the erdna gndinany, which hao hent hoftuctiuaAîn ado a
Tactod, in Auch a way txits the pnis
Plaine- polartand lght
Ayplcatfo
Polanizom
Analyzon
Ao a Polani20h
when unpola
is blockoble
n tpns Nic ol pria m ondimagy ny
while bxtna ondinary may' pasa oog
Ao aAvolyzn pglanizd, Light unts e
whon plaug- palarizttan is alinged
ak is a prisk tho and
tho contcton
O-7-Define spei<ic ratatye,Deonjbe ripter
Shade polari dhe optcal
a megpe which
Hotatiam L«]) isouen tifep ty light when
adtity a substawce. Tt
a subsfe
iFpasses
T+ is
can
horouy
notate
b a
the 'plane
saple ol
'notation
as He agk enmit conclutatol
Jelued langth bd
polanance
ctt'ubstance.
Plane-pobyized
utt kubafen
light practive
ottcaly
cy
whore abarned angle fnotete
Canbentrtio af e
is the
Launentsc Half-Shede Palariteh
Constructon nonKing lse dto
omatte light bounee ia
Ught Sownce;
1-gkeate A monghr
pauepolarizdlight
2Polani zern: Te li ght hom the sauce is Passed traugha
Polanizen.
Sanp le Tube - Tae plana- palaized ight is digcted
3 rough a trasparent tube cgtaimíy fe sptcally achv
Aubtance
TAnayy udh a aolzig atachad
olaf2an
Polom te a .
bcale
Can totate
avalyzen Can tette aud
'aud i
is 4ypteall
fon"pracise measuntkents .
e key ftetunt of,Launen te pelarinder
S talf-shade Devie: Tke
5-
l blits o a cylindta
a Pajn o
two ponta aig baan ecoub/uo ahd whoy to
Aanple hgtetea 4e Vplane polonizatian, ît Causla a,
diheHonetial hadig fecd betan he tuo parto
beam.

orgugh th'scale where te ot o

is obsaed in de
o cnalyzenb and Vte
intensity pmovide
Hotation.
e nuAutghe angle
t
maaseOmtnt