Linguistics

Assignmen
t

Name Saeed Ali

Assigned by ma'am Qirrat Habib.
 Context

 Morphological Productivity
 Productivity as Creativity
 Rule Governed Creativity
 Rule Bending Creativity

 Phrase
 Noun Phrase
 Adjective Phrase
 Adverb Phrase
 Verb Phrase
 Prepositional Phrase

 Sentence
 Simple sentence
 Compund sentence
 Complex sentence
 Compound complex sentence

Morphological Productivity
Introduction

The term Morphological Productivity refers to generality Or generalization of features in

Morphology, that how much a word is useful/productive in the language. In linguistics Morphological
Productivity is one of the most important field to study of words formation. Because we analysis in this
field how much a morpheme is productive in formation of words and unproductive.
It also refers to creativity in literature. Linguists create new words by arranging morpheme.

In Morphology, assumption of features operates in "Word-Formation-Process" , that features will

be more productive. There are bound morpheme which connect with root words and form new words.

Productivity as Creativity

The concept of productivity as Creativity is coined as well as explained by Hocket,Noams Chomsky

and other linguists.

The capacity of all human languages to finite use to infinite means to produce infinite number
of words and utterances.

There are two principles that governs creativity:

 Rule Governed Creativity

 Rule Bending Creativity.

Rule Governed Creativity

The language has proper rules and formats to make words and include into language. Those words
which are formed following general and clear principles are known as Rule Governed Creativity.

In this process the formation of words is go throw the grammatical rules of language.

Example:

 The different suffix added with root words, somehow they change their class or meaning. When
we use suffix (-ly) to an adjective it changes in to adverb.
Bad (adjective)➡ Badly (adverb)
Hard (adjective)➡Hardly(adverb)
Clever (adjective)➡ Cleverly(adverb)
Beautiful (adjective )➡ Beautifully(adverb)
Nice (adjective )➡ Nicely(adverb)

Suffix (tion) adds with the root word it changes into noun.
Educate(verb)➡ Education (Noun )
Construct(verb)➡ Construction (Noun )
Collect(verb)➡ Collection (noun)
Inject (verb)➡ Injection (noun)
Suffix (ness) adds into adjective it changes into noun.
Good (adjective )➡ Goodness (Noun)
 When we attach prefix (post-) to root words it gives a meaning to the words similar.

Rule Bending Creativity

Formation of words, when, speakers have the ability to increase words idiomatically by producing words
without following the general rules of language is called Rule Bending Creativity.

Note: Meaning of item does not match with the resulting words. Irregular pattern of words formation in
Morphology.

Example : Bluenose, stoolpigeon, deadline, lazybones. Words do not contain their literal meaning in Rule
Bending Creativity.

Phrase
The term "Phrase" refers to small group of words which do not give complete meaning or sense in
sentence. The words are used in the sentences for meaning. Phrase is group of words or it may be single
word.

Example :

A tiny mouse was jumping on the bed. (Noun Phrase)

How to identify the phrase?

Phrase is group of words which does not contain subject verb combination, no sense of meaning if it is
used alone, if it is used in a sentence has a unique meaning in a sentence.

Example:

A small ball : He bought a small ball yesterday.

Types of Phrases

There are five types of phrases.

1. Noun Phrase
 2. Adjective Phrase
3. Adverb Phrase
4. Verb Phrase
5. Prepositional Phrase
 Noun Phrase

A phrase act like as noun in the sentence. In this it modifies the noun. Gives more information and
explanation about the noun.

Example

1. He bought a decent black shirt.

2. A woman in the window shouted for help.
3. Dollar ink pen is good for handwriting.
4. It is painted with white plastic paint colour.
5. That red colour rose is attracting everyone.
 Verb Phrase

It is group of words (main verb and helping verb) with in a sentence.

Example

1. She has finished her work.

2. You should study for exams.
3. He can write a good essay.
4. Usama had broken a glass.
5. Kiran is trying to sing a song.

 Adjective Phrase

In adjective phrase one or more words work together in a sentence to give more information about the
adjective, (adjective modifies the noun). Adjective phrase modifies noun.

Example

1. I am very happy with his work.

2. The cost of the car is way too high.
3. She is quite intelligent in Physics.
4. It is too hot today.
5. They are good at English speaking.
 Adverb Phrase

In adverb phrase one or more words work together to give more information about adverb. Adverb
phrase modifies verb in the sentence.
Example

1. They ran really fast.

2. He drank the milkshake much quicker.
3. Huma is writing letter very slowly.
4. His writing too creative story.
 Prepositional Phrase

In Prepositional phrase one or more words work together to give more information about preposition. It
gives more information about location, possession, condition, time etc.

Example

1. She is sleeping on the carpet.

2. He always speak in loud voice.
3. It is sleeping on the chair.
4. Why are you drawing it on the wall.
5. I left my pen on ma'am's chair.
6. Playing in electric house is very dangerous.
 Sentence
It is largest grammatical unit, made up of two or more clauses /phrases. Sentence can stand
alone means independent it has a subject and verb it began with the capital letter and with the
punctuation marks.

Examples :-

1. He is teacher.
2. Why did you give him a money?
3. This is nice car.
4. Edmend Spenser wrote a poem Fearie Queen.
5. He is about to join us.
6. WaOo! That is beautiful flower.
7. Ali, Akbar and Ahmed will be late tomorrow.

Different types of Sentence

There are four types sentences :

 Simple Sentence
 Compound Sentence
 Complex Sentence
 Compound Complex Sentence.

Simple Sentence

A type of sentence which conveys a proper meaning without out depending other clauses. It has subject,
verb, object etc to give complete concept.

Examples :-

1. Go there.
2. Do not walk slow.
3. His is playing game.
4. This is pen.

Compound Sentence

A type of sentence having two or more clauses joint by conjunctions. Convey proper meaning and
clauses do not depend each other.

Examples :-

1. His is ill but playing game.

 2. You can write a letter because you attended that classes.
3. He is lazy but his friend is clever.

Complex Sentence

In complex sentence, there are two clauses one of them is dependent and next is independent, jointly
give meaning in a sentence.

Examples :-

1. That is how, you are fail in exams.

2. I select pink colour which you like most.
3. She listen sad songs when she is sad.

Compound Complex Sentence

This is type of sentence consist on three clauses, two are dependent clauses and one is independent
clause.

Examples :-

1. He becomes injured because Ali slapped him, Salman fired him.

2. I got 1st position, my friend also got 1st position because we help each other in studies.