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EE4003 Power Systems II
Fault Analysis 2
Dr. Lidula N. Widanagama Arachchige
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Example 1
• The single-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system is shown in the
following figure. Each generator is represented by an emf behind the
transient reactance. All impedances are expressed in per unit on a common
100 MVA base. Determine the fault level at
a) Bus 3.
b) Bus 2.
c) Bus 1.
d) Determine the fault currents of the two generators during the fault
when a balanced three-phase fault with a fault impedance Zf = 0.16 pu
occurs on Bus 3.
j0.1 j0.2
j0.1 j0.8 j0.2
1 2
j0.4 j0.4
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Solution – Example 1
• Following assumptions are made
→Shunt capacitances are neglected
→Negligible load currents compared to fault
currents
→Negligible line resistances
→All generators are running at their
Rated voltage
Rated frequency
Emfs in phase
a) Fault level at Bus 3
Have to find the Thevenin’s equivalent as looking in from Bus 3.
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a) Fault level at Bus 3
Fault level at Bus 3 in pu = pu = pu = 2.94 pu
.
Fault level at Bus 3 in MVA = 2.94 × 100 MVA = 294 MVA
b) Fault level at Bus 2
Fault level at Bus 2 in pu = pu = pu = 4.16 pu
.
Fault level at Bus 2 in MVA = 4.16 × 100 MVA = 416 MVA
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c) Fault level at Bus 1
Fault level at Bus 1 in pu = pu = pu = 6.25pu
.
Fault level at Bus 3 in MVA = 6.25 × 100 MVA = 625 MVA
d) Fault current if fault of 0.16 pu at Bus 3
Fault current in pu = pu = pu =-j2 pu
. .
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d) Fault current if fault of 0.16 pu at Bus 3
. .
Fault current in pu = pu = 2 pu =-j1.2 pu
. . . .
. .
Fault current in pu = pu = 2 pu =-j0.8 pu
. . . .
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Characteristics of Short Circuit Currents
• Current is an important parameter used to detect faults
→Large increase in current when a short‐circuit occurs
• Variation of short circuit current is characterized by:
→Equivalent system impedance at the fault point
System current cannot change instantaneously when a fault occurs due to the equivalent
system resistance and reactance
results in a decaying dc component
→Performance of the rotating machinery
The short circuit current due to a fault close to the terminals of a rotating machine
consists of
a dc component and
an ac component with a decaying magnitude
The decaying pattern of ac component occurs because
the magnetic fluxes linking the machine windings cannot change instantaneously
Initial magnitude of the ac current gradually decreases with the reduction of air‐gap
flux due to increased armature reaction
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Effect of the System Impedance
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DC Component
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Synchronous Generator
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Short Circuit Current of Rotating Machines
• The transient variations in the
machine magnetic system can be
interpreted as a variation in the
machine reactance
• In practical calculations, the
continuous variation in the
reactance is approximated by
three discrete levels
→Sub‐transient reactance – Xd”
→Transient reactance – Xd’
→Steady‐state reactance – Xd
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Fundamental Frequency Component of Armature Current
(The DC Current Transient Component is Omitted)
• The sub-transient must usually be used in fault analysis
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The Typical Generator Reactance Values
• Reference: P. Kundur, “Power sys. stability and control,” USA: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
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Symmetrical Component Analysis
• Unbalanced three phase systems can be split into three
balanced components:
→Positive Sequence (balanced and having the same phase sequence
as the unbalanced supply)
→Negative Sequence (balanced and having the opposite phase
sequence to the unbalanced supply)
→Zero Sequence (balanced but having the same phase and hence no
phase sequence)
• These are known as the Symmetrical Components or
the Sequence Components
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Symmetrical Components
c1
c b2
a
a1 a2 c0
a0 b0
c2
b
b1
Unbalanced System Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
3 unknown magnitudes 1 unknown magnitude 1 unknown magnitude 1 unknown magnitude
3 unknown angles 1 unknown angle 1 unknown angle 1 unknown angle
• a = a1 + a2 + a0
• b = b1 + b2 + b0
• c = c1 + c2 + c0
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Definition of the operator α
• a complex operator
• has a magnitude of unity and when operated on any
complex number rotates it anti-clockwise by an angle of
1200.
• α = 1 ∠1200 = - 0.500 + j 0.866
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Some Properties of α
• α = 1∠2π/3 or 1∠1200
• α2 = 1∠4π/3 or 1∠2400 or 1∠-1200
• α3 = 1∠2π or 1∠3600 or 1
→i.e. α3 - 1 = (α - 1)(α2 + α + 1) = 0
→Since α is complex, it cannot be equal to 1, so that α - 1 cannot
be zero.
→∴ α2 + α + 1 = 0
• This also has the physical meaning that the three sides of an
equilateral triangles must close as in the following figure
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Analysis of decomposition of phasors
C1=αa1
c b2 = αa2
a
a1 a2
a0 = b0= c0
c2= α2a2
b
b1= α2a1
Unbalanced System Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
• We can express all the sequence components in terms of the
quantities for phase-a using the properties of rotation of 00, 1200 or
2400. Thus
• a = a0 + a1 + a2
• b = a0 + α2 a1 + α a2
• c = a0 + α a1 + α2 a2
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Basic Symmetrical Component Matrix Equation
a 1 1 1 a0
b 1 2 a
1
c 1 2 a2
Ph A Sy
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Decomposition of Phasors into Symmetrical
Components
a0 1 1 1 a
a 1 1 2 b
1 3
a2 1 2
c
Sy A Ph
-1
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[A]-1 and [A]* Relationship
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
A 1 2 A 1
1 2
3
1 2 1 2
α = 1∠1200 = Complex conjugate of α2
α2 = 1∠-1200 = Complex conjugate of α
A1 1 A*
3
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Sequence Impedances
• Sequence impedance matrix
Z s A1 Z p A 1 A* Z p A
3
• Phase component impedance matrix in terms of sequence impedance
matrix
Z AZ A
p s
-1
1
3
AZ s A*
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Use of Sequence Impedance Matrix
• Consider a three-phase transmission line
Ra La
Rb Mca Lb Mab
Rc Lc Mbc
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Use of Sequence Impedance Matrix cont.
• Self Impedances
→All 3 phase wires of an actual 3-phase
transmission line would be of
approximately the same length (other
than due to differences in Sagging)
→Hence, can assume the self impedance
components to be equal for each phase
→Ra = Rb = Rc and La = Lb = Lc
• Mutual coupling
→When a current passes in one phase
conductor, there would be induced
voltages in the other two phase
conductors.
→In practice all three phase conductors
behave similarly, so that we could
consider the mutual coupling between
phases also to be equal
→Mab = Mbc = Mca
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Use of Sequence Impedance Matrix cont.
• In such a practical situation, the R L
phase component impedance
matrix would be fully symmetrical R M L M
• It could be expressed using a self
R L M
impedance term zs and a mutual
impedance term zm
zs zm zm
Z p z m zs z m
z m zm z s
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Use of Sequence Impedance Matrix cont.
• Symmetrical component impedance matrix
Z s A1 Z p A 1 A* Z p A
3
1 1 1 zs zm z m 1 1 1
Z s 1 1 2 zm zs z m 1 2
3
1 2 z m zm z s 1 2
( z s 2 z m ) 0 0 z0 0 0
Z s 0 ( zs zm ) 0 0 z1 0
0 0 ( z s z m ) 0 0 z 2
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Use of Sequence Impedance Matrix cont.
• Comparison of phase and symmetrical component matrix
zs zm zm ( zs 2zm ) 0 0
Z p z m zs zm Zs 0 (zs zm ) 0
z m zm z s 0 0 ( zs zm )
• Phase component • Symmetrical component
impedance matrix impedance matrix
→Has complete symmetry →Diagonal matrix
→But, full matrix →Allows decoupling for ease of
analysis
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Power associated with Sequence Components
• Consider phase components
→ Power in a single phase
Pphase V p I p cos
→ Power in balanced three-phase
P3 phase 3VL I L cos 3V p I p cos
→ Power in an unbalanced three-phase
Apparent complex power S Va I a* Vb I b* Vc I c*
The active power P3phase,unbalance is obtained as the real part of the
complex variable S
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Power Associated with Sequence Components
• To convert the power in an unbalanced three-phase in to
symmetrical components, consider:
I a*
S Va I a* Vb I b* Vc I c* S Va Vc I b* V p I p
T *
Vb
I c*
• To convert to symmetrical components
S V p I p A V T A I s *
T *
s
V s A A I s V s A 3 A I s
T T * * T T 1 *
S
3V s A A I s 3V s I s
T 1 * T *
S
* * *
S 3(V a 0 I a 0 V a1 I a1 V a 2 I a 2 )
P 3(V a 0 I a 0 cos 0 V a1 I a1 cos 1 V a 2 I a 2 cos 2 )
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Sequence Networks of a Loaded Generator
Ec
Ea
Ec
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Sequence Networks of a Loaded Generator
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Sequence Networks of a Loaded Generator
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Sequence Networks of a Loaded Generator
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Basic Voltage – Current Network Equations in Sequence
Components
• Pre-fault voltage is assumed balanced prior to the fault
→Consists only of the positive sequence component
→This is in fact the Thevenin’s equivalent at the point of the fault prior to the
occurrence of the fault
Ea
Z1 Ia1 Positive
V 0Z I
a0 0 a0 sequence
network
Va1
Z2 Ia2 Negative
Va1 Ea Z1 I a1 sequence
network
Va2
Z0 Ia0
Va 2 0 Z 2 I a 2 Zero
sequence
Va0 network
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