7.

Mat foundation
CONTENTS

– Introduction
– Common Types of Mat foundations
– Analysis and Design of Mat foundations
– References
 Introduction
➢ Definition
➢ Why do we select Mat foundations?
➢ Problematic Soils
 Introduction

➢ Definition

• A mat foundation is primarily a Column

shallow foundation. In essence, Cross section
it is an expanded continuous
footing and is usually analyzed in
the same way. Column

• Mat foundations are sometimes

referred to as raft foundations Plan view
(especially in the UK).
 Introduction

➢ Why do we select Mat foundations?

1. The area covered by the individual footings exceeds 50% of the
structural plan area. This is usually the case for buildings higher than
10-stories, and/or on relatively weak soils where q < 150 kPa;

2. The building requires a deep basement and below the phreatic

surface (WT). Basements may be required to build several levels of
parking, or to install mechanical systems, access to a subway station,
etc.;

3. The Engineer wishes to minimize the differential settlement in

variable soils, or if pockets of extremely weak soils are known to be
present;

4. The Engineer wishes to take full advantage of the soil’s increasing

bearing capacity with depth by excavating basements, and thereby
seek a fully or a partially compensated foundation.

5. In some cases of Problematic Soils (see next slide).

 Introduction

➢ Problematic Soils
Some Problematic Soils may necessitate the Use of Mat Foundations:

1. Compressible soils occur in highly organic soils including some glacial

deposits and certain flood plain areas. Highly plastic clays in some glacial
deposits and in coastal plains and offshore areas there can be significant
amounts of compressible soils. Problems involved are excessive settlements,
low bearing capacity, and low shear strength.

Crack

Soft ground
 Introduction

➢ Problematic Soils
Some Problematic Soils may necessitate the Use of Mat Foundations:

2. Collapsing soils such as the settlement of loose sands and silts. Densification
occurs by the movement of grains to reduce the volume. Typically includes shallow
subsidence. May occur in sandy coastal plain area, sandy glacial deposits, and
alluvial deposits. In arid and Semi-arid region.
 Introduction

➢ Problematic Soils
Some Problematic Soils may necessitate the Use of Mat Foundations:

3. Expansive soils, containing swelling clays, mainly from the

Montmorillite/Smectite group, which increase in volume when absorbing
water and shrink when loosing it. Climate is closely related to the severity of
the problem. Semi-arid and semi-humid areas with swelling clays are the most
severe because the soil moisture active zone has the greatest thickness under
such conditions. Foundation supports should be placed below the active soil
zone.
Common Types of Mat foundations

➢ Flat Plate
➢ Thickened Flat Plate
➢ Beams and slab
➢ Flat plates with pedestals
➢ Slab with basement walls
 Common Types of Mat foundations

➢ Flat Plate

The mat is of uniform

thickness
 Common Types of Mat foundations

➢ Thickened Flat Plate

Flat Plate thickened under

columns
 Common Types of Mat foundations

➢ Beams and slab

Beams and slab: the beam

run both ways, and the
columns are located at the
intersection of the beams.
Beams and slab
 Common Types of Mat foundations

➢ Flat plates with pedestals

Pedestals
 Common Types of Mat foundations
➢ Slab with basement walls

Slab with basement walls as

a part of the mat, where the
walls act as stiffeners for the
mat. walls
 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations

➢ Bearing capacity and settlement

➢ Analysis of Rigid Mats
➢ Analysis and Design Procedures for Rigid Mats
 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations

➢ Bearing capacity and settlement

 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations

➢ Bearing capacity and settlement

 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations

➢ Bearing capacity and settlement

q= 100 kPa q= 100 kPa

B
2b

2B

0.2 q Pressure bulbs under large

and small round foundations
Ds =
0.1 q
 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations

➢ Bearing capacity and settlement

 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations

➢ Bearing capacity and settlement

 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations

➢ Bearing capacity and settlement

Compensated mat foundation
 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations
The analysis of mat foundation
➢ Analysis of Rigid Mats depends on rigidity and type of soil
 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations

➢ Analysis of Rigid Mats

• The analysis of a mat by assuming that it is rigid simplifies the soil
pressures to either a uniform condition or varying linearly.
• This is attained by not permitting R (the resultant force) to fall
outside the kern of the mat.

Hence, the corner stress is,

Note. This equation gives

stress value – only at the
edges of the mat.
➢ Analysis and Design Procedures for Rigid Mats (Das 8th Ed)
Analysis and Design Procedures for Rigid Mats
Analysis and Design Procedures for Rigid Mats
Analysis and Design Procedures for Rigid Mats
Analysis and Design Procedures for Rigid Mats

Step 6. Determine the effective depth d of the mat

Step 7. From the moment diagrams of all strips in one direction (x or y), obtain the
maximum positive and negative moments per unit width.
Step 8. Determine the area of steel per unit width for positive and negative
reinforcement in the x and y directions
Step 9. Check punching shear resistance for critical column
4. Divide the mat shown in Figure 8.14 into three strips, such as AGHF
(B1=5.25m), GIJH (B1=10 m), and ICDJ (B1=5.25m ). Use the result of
Example 8.7, and determine the reinforcement requirements in the y direction.
Here, fc = 30 N/mm2 , fyk =500N/mm2.
Note: All column loads are factored loads.
5. Find shear force and moment
Strip AGHF
Strip GIJH
Strip ICDJ
6. Assume the depth of mat foundation to be 600 mm and effective depth to
be 520 mm with cover 40 mm and bar diameter 20 in both directions.
d = 600-40-20 = 520 mm
7. Determine the maximum top and bottom moments in y-direction from
BD diagram

Strip Vmax Mtop,max Mbottom,max

AGHF 1082.31kN 2771 kNm 630 kNm

GIJH 1325 kN 2756 kNm 1149.56 kNm
ICDJ 835.25 kN 1080.91 kNm 2003 kNm
Top reinforcement
𝑀 106
𝑘= = 2771 ∗ = 0.065
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 5250 ∗ 5202 ∗ 30
𝑍 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.5 1 − 3.53𝑘 0.5 ≤ 0.95𝑑 = 0.94𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑 take 0.94d
Z=0.94d=0.94*520mm=488.8 mm
Reinforcement calculation
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐸𝑑 = 2771 x 106 / (435 x 488.8) = 13,032 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑍
Provide 42Φ20 @ 120 c/c b.w (13,188 mm2/5.25m) (2512 mm2/m)

Bottom reinforcement
𝑀 106
𝑘= = 2003 ∗ 2 = 0.047
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 5250 ∗ 520 ∗ 30
𝑍 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.5 1 − 3.53𝑘 0.5 ≤ 0.95𝑑 = 0.96𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑 take 0.95d
Z=0.95d=0.95*520mm=494 mm
Reinforcement calculation
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐸𝑑 = 2003 x 106 / (435 x 494) = 9321 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑍
Provide 30Φ20 (9420 mm2/5.25m) (1794.3 mm2/m)
8. Check for punching shear
i. Shear stress of section
The critical punching shear stress would be at the corner, at the edge or
at the center depending on the amount of Load from the column and the
available resisting punching shear perimeter.
• At interior U1= 4c+4∏d=8532.1 mm
• Edge U1 = 3C + 2∏d = 4765.6 mm
• Corner U1 = 2C + ∏d = 1732.8 mm
• The maximum interior column load = 2000 kN
• The maximum edge column load = 2000 kN
• The maximum corner column load = 600 kN
• Interior column load/U1= 2000/8.5321 =234.41 kN/m
• Edge column load/U1 =2000/4.656 = 419.6kN/m
• Corner column load/U1 = 600/1.7328 = 346.26
The edge column is the critical column to be checked for punching shear
Critical area, A = C2+3(2d)(C)+Π(2d)2/2= 3.508m2
Soil pressure = 30.305 kN/m2
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
VEd,red = VEd - ΔVEd
ΔVEd = (30.305 × 3.508) - (25 × 0.6 × 3.508) = 97.2 kN
VEd,red = 2000 – 97.2 = 1902.8 kN
vEd,red = VEd,red / u1d = 1902.8 x103/(4765.6 x 520) = 0.77 N/mm2
 ii. Shear Resistance of section

k = 1 + √(200/d) = 1 + √(200/520) = 1.62 < 2.0, therefore, k = 1.62

Vmin = 0.035k(3/2) fck0.5
Vmin = 0.035 × (1.62)1.5 × 300.5 = 0.395 N/mm2
ρ1 = As/bd = 2512/(1000 × 520) = 0.0048< 0.02
VRd,c = 0.12 × 1.62 (100 × 0.0048 × 30 )(1/3) = 0.473 N/mm2
vRd,c=0.473 N/mm2 > vmin= 0.393 N/mm2.
Take vRd=0.473 N/mm2 << vEd=0.77 N/mm2-------The depth is not adequate

ASSUME ANOTHER DEPTH 800 mm , d = 720

Top reinforcement
𝑀 106
𝑘= = 2771 ∗ = 0.034
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 5250 ∗ 7202 ∗ 30
𝑍 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.5 1 − 3.53𝑘 0.5 ≤ 0.95𝑑 = 0.97𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑 take 0.95d
Z=0.95d=0.95*720mm=684 mm
Reinforcement calculation
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐸𝑑 = 2771 x 106 / (435 x 684) = 9313 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑍
Provide 30Φ20 (9420 mm2/5.25m) (1794.3 mm2/m)

Bottom reinforcement
𝑀 106
𝑘= = 2003 ∗ 2 = 0.0245
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 5250 ∗ 720 ∗ 30
𝑍 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.5 1 − 3.53𝑘 0.5 ≤ 0.95𝑑 = 0.98𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑 take 0.95d
Z=0.95d=0.95*720mm=684 mm
Reinforcement calculation
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐸𝑑 = 2003 x 106 / (435 x 684) = 6732 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑍
Provide 22Φ20 (6908 mm2/5.25m) (1316 mm2/m)
• At center the U1= 4c+4∏d=11043 mm
• Edge U1 = 3C + 2∏d = 6022 mm
• Corner U1 = 2C + ∏d = 3261 mm
• The maximum interior column load = 2000 kN
• The maximum edge column load = 2000 kN
• The maximum corner column load = 600 kN
• Interior column load/U1= 2000/11.043 =181.1 kN/m
• Edge column load/U1 =2000/6.022 = 332.1 kN/m
• Corner column load/U1 = 600/3.261 = 184 kN/m
The edge column is the critical column to be checked for punching shear
Critical area, A = C2+3(2d)(C)+Π(2d)2/2= 5.665m2
Soil pressure = 30.305 kN/m2
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
VEd,red = VEd - ΔVEd
ΔVEd = (30.305 × 5.665) - (25 × 0.8× 5.665) = 58.4 kN
VEd,red = 2000 – 58.4 = 1941.6 kN
vEd,red = VEd,red / u1d = 1941.6 x103/(6022 x 720) = 0.4478 N/mm2
 ii. Shear Resistance of section

k = 1 + √(200/d) = 1 + √(200/720) = 1.527 < 2.0, therefore, k = 1.527

Vmin = 0.035k(3/2) fck0.5
Vmin = 0.035 × (1.527)1.5 × 300.5 = 0.362 N/mm2
ρ1 = As/bd = 1794.3/(1000 × 720) = 0.0025< 0.02
VRd,c = 0.12 × 1.527 (100 × 0.0025 × 30 )(1/3) = 0.36 N/mm2
vRd,c=0.36 N/mm2 > vmin= 0.362 N/mm2.
Take vRd=0.36 N/mm2 << vEd=0.45 N/mm2-------The depth is not adequate

ASSUME ANOTHER DEPTH 1000 mm , d = 920

Top reinforcement
𝑀 106
𝑘= = 2771 ∗ = 0.02
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 5250 ∗ 9202 ∗ 30
𝑍 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.5 1 − 3.53𝑘 0.5 ≤ 0.95𝑑 = 0.98𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑 take 0.95d
Z=0.95d=0.95*920mm=874 mm
Reinforcement calculation
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐸𝑑 = 2771 x 106 / (435 x 874) = 7288.5 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑍
Provide 24Φ20 (7536 mm2/5.25m) (1435.43 mm2/m)

Bottom reinforcement
𝑀 106
𝑘= = 2003 ∗ 2 = 0.015
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 5250 ∗ 920 ∗ 30
𝑍 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.5 1 − 3.53𝑘 0.5 ≤ 0.95𝑑 = 0.98𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑 take 0.95d
Z=0.95d=0.95*920mm=874 mm
Reinforcement calculation
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐸𝑑 = 2003 x 106 / (435 x 874) = 5268.5 mm2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑍
Provide 17Φ20 (5338 mm2/5.25m) (1017 mm2/m)
• At center the U1= 4c+4∏d=13,555.2 mm
• Edge U1 = 3C + 2∏d = 7277.6 mm
• Corner U1 = 2C + ∏d = 3888.8 mm
• The maximum interior column load = 2000 kN
• The maximum edge column load = 2000 kN
• The maximum corner column load = 600 kN
• Interior column load/U1= 2000/13.5552 =147.5 kN/m
• Edge column load/U1 =2000/7.2776 = 275 kN/m
• Corner column load/U1 = 600/3.261 = 154 kN/m
The edge column is the critical column to be checked for punching shear
Critical area, A = C2+3(2d)(C)+Π(2d)2/2= 8.325m2
Soil pressure = 30.305 kN/m2
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
VEd,red = VEd - ΔVEd
ΔVEd = (30.305 × 8.325) - (25 × 1× 5.8.325) = 44.15 kN
VEd,red = 2000 – 58.4 = 1955.85 kN
vEd,red = VEd,red / u1d = 1955.85 x103/(7277.6 x 920) = 0.292 N/mm2
 ii. Shear Resistance of section

k = 1 + √(200/d) = 1 + √(200/920) = 1.47 < 2.0, therefore, k = 1.47

Vmin = 0.035k(3/2) fck0.5
Vmin = 0.035 × (1.47)1.5 × 300.5 = 0.342 N/mm2
ρ1 = As/bd = 1435.43/(1000 × 920) = 0.00156< 0.02
VRd,c = 0.12 × 1.47 (100 × 0.00156 × 30 )(1/3) = 0.295 N/mm2
vRd,c=0.295 N/mm2 > vmin= 0.342 N/mm2.
Take vRd=0.342 N/mm2 << vEd=0.292 N/mm2-------The depth is adequate