p.&-V PUBLIC SCHOOL POKHARIPUT, BHUBANESWAR ODISHA — 751020 PHYSICS PROJECT ON ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Under the guidamct of Mrs. Durgesh Nandini Samal Submitted By : Shri Abyssh Kamar Mishra Class School No.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ; owe MY sense of gratitude to the Principal hon’ble Miss Sujata ma’am whose port and guidance enabled me to active suP successful bring MY assignment to a compilation. lam also indebted to my subject teacher whose valuable guidance made the work smoother at the same time | am obliged to my parents and teacher Mrs. Durgesh Nandini Samal Madam for being equally supportive as well as enthusiastic in giving it a complete shape. Name: Ayush Kumar Mishra Class: XIl Roll No. 40CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled “ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION ” Submitted By Ayush Kumar Mishra in partial fulfilment for the ward of practical at the DAV Pokhariput in an authenticate work carried by him under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge the matter embodied in the project has not been occupied from other sources. WIE Signature of Supervisor: achi Signature of Teacher: Signature of exterfi re VvPHYSICS PROJECT REPORT ON ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Physics Project Report on Electromagnetic Induction ‘ Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) : In 1831 Michael Faraday discovered the effect called “Electromagnetic Induction” just converse to the magnetic effect of electric current. When a coil made of copper wire is placed inside a magnetic field, magnetic flux is linked with the coil. Faraday found that when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed, an electric current starts flowing in the coil, provided the coil is closed one. The current and e.m.f. so produced are called induced current and induced e.m.f. The induced current and the em-f. in the coil last only so long as the magnetic flux linked with the coil keeps on changing. Thus electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon of production of electric current (or e.m.f.) in a coil when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed.FARADAY'S EXPERIMENT The followi i Owing experiment performed by Faraday led to the discovery of the electromagnetic induction. When the strength of magnetic field is varied : Consider two coil P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron rod is connected with galvanometer, battery and tapping key. When tapping key is pressed and when it is released galvanometer shows deflection showing the presence of induced current. Direction of Movement When the tapping key is pressed then magnetic h the coil $ changed because of increase in Explanation : flux linked wit magnetic field of coil P and induced current is produced and d magnetic flux is again changed and oduced. But when the tapping key is kept netic flux linked with coil do not when it is release induced current is pr pressed then the mag) changed and induced current do not produce so galvanometer shows no deflection.The results of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic induction are known as “Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction”. These are stated as below : 1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire or a coil or an electric circuit in general) changes, induced e.m.f. is produced. 2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux continuous. 3. The magnitude of induced e.m-f. is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit. Describing the Inducing of EMF -tearn these steps 4. Catculating the Induced EMF ‘As the charges separatean Electric Field Force is made Ce Eventually it balances the Magnetic Field Force (Fy) Agr Pe Fp = Bqv ‘This is known as the Induced EMFz's Rule ; Lenz’s i eni s rule isa convenient method to determine the direction of induced current produced in the circuit. . Lenz’s law states that the induced current produced in a circuit always flows in such a direction that it opposes the change or cause that produce it. Let us now apply Lenz’s law to find the direction of flow of induced current in the circuit. On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in clockwise direction and magnetic lines of force are directed from left to right. Then magnetic flux linked with the coil S changed. The direction of induced current should be such that it should oppose the direction of flow of magnetic field lines. So induced current in the coil S is in the direction opposite to the magnetic field in P. Hence, direction of induced current in coil S is from right to left. So induced current in coil S should flow in anticlockwise direction.Consider the if She aa ohne ae Magnetic field B confined to the field. The din a a coil ABCD is placed inside the magnetic i on ection of Magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the coil and in inward direction. Consider that at any time t, the part BA’ = CD’ = x(say) of the coil inside the magnetic field. If | is the length of the arm BC x Ry coil, then area of coil inside the magnetic field at any ime t. A= BCX CD’ = Ix Therefore magnetic flux linked with the coil at any time t. $=BA=Blx Suppose that the coil is pulled out of the magnetic field with velocity v. As the coil is pulled out magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. The time rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil is given by Ife is induced e.m.f. produced, then dp_-d dt 26 _ =4 pte) - BS = Biv aes e=-Blv The negative sign shows that induced e.m.f. opposes to the coil being pulled out of magnetic field.Mutual Induction : Consider two coil P and S are placed very close to each other. Coil P consists of battery and tapping key and coil S consists of galvanometer G. When the key of coil P is pressed then magnetic flux is building and induced e.m.f. produced in it opposes the flow of magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S are very close to each other. So magnetic flux also changed in coil S and induced current is produced which opposes the direction of flow of magnetic lines of force in coil P. The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is produced in a coil as a result of change in current or magnetic flux linked with a neighboring coil is called mutual induction. Mutually Coupled ‘Cais Le Lines of Magnetic Flux Largs Distance Coefficient of Mutual Induction : Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and 6 be the magnetic flux linked with coil S gal $=MI M = Coefficient of mutual induction. Let ¢ be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.ys ~ (-ive sign s 3 iti gn shows opposition of induced e,m.f.) The mutual i 5 one ~denmgsde of two coils is said to be one Henry, if es gi rs current of | ampere per second in one coil e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighboring coil. [_Ntwmns | |_Nuwms || Cross Sectional ‘Area (A) ab Spacing (S) Self Induction connected to a battery and a tapping key. When key K is pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing through it and induced e.m.f. is produced. Direction of induced e.m.f. is opposite to that of growth of current. On the other hand when key is released the current in the coil decreases and e.m.f. is produced in opposite direction. Thus during both growth and decay of current an opposite induced e.mf. is produced. This e.m-f. is called back e.m.f. Consider a coil which an opposing induced result of change in current or | is called self induction. The phenomenon according to e.m-f, is produced in the coil as a magnetic flux linked with the coi elf Ip duction and RL CircultsCoefficient of Sei Inductio nh: Suppose when key js pr ¥ essey and magnetic flux iva Ns Urrent I flows through the coil With the coil, gal o=MI Lis called coefficient of sep induction Let ¢ be the induced e.m.f, do_- a ge Lal ee oa Lal pea: (-ive sign shows Opposing nature of induced e.m.f.) a M=e/ @ Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of change of current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of one volt. e & T. Curvent I ‘J Current increasing decreasingEddy Currents : Eddy currents are the currents induced in a conductor, when placed in a changing magnetic field. They are also known as Focaults Currents. Following experiment explain the origin of eddy currents. Introduce a soft iron core inside a solenoid and connect it to the source of alternating current. Place a metallic disk over soft iron core. Primary Field Induction Coil Pickup Coil Eddy Currents Explanation : When the circuit is switched on the current starts growing and hence magnetic flux linked with disk also increases. Thus disk is converted to small magnet. If soft iron’s upper face acquires north polarity. Then metallic disk’s lower surface acquires north polarity and due to repulsive force metallic disk placed over soft iron core is thrown up into the air.Application of ; dB Currents ead Beat Galy, me 1. De Galvanom eters ; The oscillation f a me a long time to dj eNOS. d © out. , ake a i 2 Copper op Ce ee its coil on a metallic made dead beat. [ft ; ‘nium the galve er can be ; s ; galvanometer can be currents in a metallic Renee due to production of eddy to rest very soon, + the coil of galvanometer comes Ving Sof Coil galy, B &alvanometer generally t 2. Speedometer : In speedometer, a small magnet is geared to the main shaft of the vehicle. The magnet is mounted in an aluminium cylinder with the help of hair springs. Due to rotation of magnet eddy currents are produced which led the drum to oppose the motion of relating magnet drum experience torque and gets deflected at certain angle.3, Electric Brakes , 4 metallic drum jg coup) are le when train rotates drun ; d ty the magnetic field is ary lied 5” tates Wheels of train In order to stop the train drum. The eddy currents i Crum. Since drum »™ comes to halt so that produced OPPOSE the : lof connected to w heels Of trai BIBLIOGRAPIY Various books and websites were referred while making this project: > Physics book for class 12, NCERT > Images collected from Google.com