Chapter 1: Introduction
(OS Structure, Modes and Services)
Manpreet Singh
[email protected]
What is an Operating System?
A program that acts as an intermediate/ interface between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware.
Resource allocator
Control Program
Operating system goals:
Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier
Make the computer system convenient to use
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
Computer System Structure
Computer system can be divided into four components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices
2. Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among
various applications and users
3. Application programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
4. Users
People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer System
Operating System Definition
To understand more fully the OS role, we explore OS from 2 view
points.:
1. User view: In single user, it should be easy to use.
In other cases, where users access the same user through
different terminals, More emphasize is on resource allocation
and utilization.
2. System View:
OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
resource use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer
Who controls the execution of programs to
prevent errors and improper use of
computer?
a) Resource allocator
b) Control Program
c) Hardware
d) None of the above
Operating-System Operations
Modern OS’s are Interrupt driven.
Program or software send generate events by using system calls.
Error or request by a software creates exception or trap
Division by zero, request for operating system service
Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system
components
User mode and kernel mode
Mode bit provided by hardware
Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user
code or kernel code
Transition from User to Kernel Mode
The operating system switches from user
mode to kernel mode so the mode bit will
change from?
a) 0 to 1
b) 1 to 0
c) Remain constant
d) None
Computer System Organization
Computer-system operation
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus
providing access to shared memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory
cycles
TYPES OF OS
Batch Systems
“Batch operating system. The users of a batch operating system do not
interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an
off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator.
To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together
and run as a group”.*
*[https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_types.htm]
TYPES OF OS
Batch Systems
Early computers were Physically enormous machines run from a
console
The common input devices were card readers and tape drives.
The common output devices were line printers, tape drives, and
card punches.
The user did not interact directly with the computer systems.
User prepare a job -which consisted of the program, and submitted it
to the computer operator.
after minutes, hours, or days, the output appeared.
To speed up processing, operators batched jobs with similar needs
together and ran them through the computer as a group.
Multiprogrammed OS
Needed for efficiency
Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at
all times
Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so
CPU always has one to execute
A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory
One job selected and run via job scheduling
When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches
to another job
Timesharing OS
Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension in
which CPU switches jobs so frequently that users can
interact with each job while it is running, creating
interactive computing
Each user has at least one program executing in
memory process
If several jobs ready to run at the same time CPU
scheduling
If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves
them in and out to run
Virtual memory allows execution of processes not
completely in memory
Timesharing OS
Multitasking Systems
Types of Multitasking:
1. Preemptive: the operating system parcels CPU time
slices to each program.
2. Cooperative: each program can control the CPU for as
long as it needs it.
If a program is not using the CPU, however, it can
allow another program to use it temporarily.
Multiprocessing OS
Multi-processor systems; that is, they have multiple CPU.
Exp: dual core processor has 2 process cycles
Also known as parallel systems or tightly coupled
systems
Such systems have more than one processor in close
communication, sharing the computer bus, the clock, and
sometimes memory and peripheral devices.
Distributed Systems
A network is a communication path between two or more
systems.
Each system over the network keeps copy of the data,
and this leads to Reliability (Because if one system
crashes , data is not lost).
CLIENT SERVER SYSTEMS
PEER TO PEER SYSTEMS
Real Time Systems
Time bound systems
Real time systems are of 2 types:
1. Soft Real time Systems: Process should complete in specific
time but May have some delay (Positive delay) and will nor harm the
system.
Exp: Session expires but can be re-logged in.
2. Hard Real Time Systems: Each process is assigned a specific
time instance, and Process must complete in that time otherwise
system will crash.
Real Time Embedded Systems
is a computing environment that reacts to input within
a specific time period.
Time Driven
Task specific
Exp: Microwave, Washing Machine…
Q. In which type of operating system users
do not interact directly with the computer
system?
a) Multiprogramming operating systems
b) Multiprocessing operating systems
c) Batch operating systems
d) Distributed operating systems
(c)
Q. What is the objective of
multiprogramming operating systems?
a) Maximize CPU utilization
b) Switch the CPU among processes
c) Achieve multitasking
d) None of the above
(a)
Operating System Structure
General-purpose OS is very large program
Various ways to structure ones
Simple structure – MS-DOS
More complex -- UNIX
Layered – an abstraction
Microkernel -Mac
Simple Structure -- MS-DOS
MS-DOS – written to
provide the most
functionality in the least
space
Not divided into modules
Non Simple Structure -- UNIX
UNIX – limited by hardware functionality
The UNIX OS consists of two separable parts:
Systems programs
The kernel
Traditional UNIX System Structure
Beyond simple but not fully layered
Layered Approach
The operating system is divided
into a number of layers (levels)
Each layer is built on top of
lower layers.
The bottom layer (layer 0), is the
hardware; the highest (layer N)
is the user interface.
With modularity, layers are
selected, each layer uses
functions (operations) and
services of only lower-level
layers
Microkernel System Structure
Communication takes place between user modules
using message passing
Example of microkernel: Mach
Mac OS X kernel (Darwin) partly based on Mach
Benefits:
Easier to extend a microkernel
Easier to port the operating system to new architectures
More reliable (less code is running in kernel mode)
More secure
Disadvantage:
Performance overhead of user space to kernel space
communication
Microkernel System Structure
Application File Device user
Program System Driver mode
messages messages
Interprocess memory CPU kernel
Communication managment scheduling mode
microkernel
hardware
Operating System Services
An operating system provides an environment for the programs to run.
It provides certain services to programs
Operating System Services
Operating-system services provides functions that are helpful to the
user:
User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user
interface (UI)
Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User
Interface (GUI).
Program execution - The system must be able to load a
program into memory and to run that program, end
execution, either normally or abnormally (indicating error)
Operating System Services
I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may
involve a file or an I/O device.
File-system manipulation - read and write files and directories,
create and delete them, search them, list file Information,
permission management.
Operating System Services
Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of
possible errors
May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices,
in user program
For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate
action to ensure correct and consistent computing
Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the user’s and
programmer’s abilities to efficiently use the system.
Operating System Services
Communications – Processes may exchange information, on
the same computer or between computers over a network
Communications may be via shared memory or through
message passing (packets moved by the OS)
Resource allocation – OS must ensure allocation of resources
to all programs running.
Manytypes of resources - such as CPU cycle time, main
memory, and file storage, I/O devices
Operating System Services
Accounting - To keep track of which users use how much and
what kinds of
computer resources.
Protection and Security -
Protection involves ensuring that all access to system
resources is controlled
Security of the system from outsiders requires user
authentication, extends to defending external I/O devices
from invalid access attempts
Kernel types
Examples of Microkernel systems
• Mach
• AIX
• OS X
• MINIX
Any Query
???
