Measurements 12 This chapter examines the surface areas of two dimensional objects and volumes of three dimensional objects, otherwise known as solids. In order to work with these objects, you need to know how to calculate the surface area and perimeter of the two dimensional shapes below. Chapter 12 | Summary ‘* Area is the two dimensional space inside the boundary ofa flat object. It is mea~ sured in square units. Area formulae: + square: s? + rectangle: bx + triangle: $hx h + trapezium: $(a +0) xh + parallelogram: bx ft + cece: sr? ‘Surface areas the total area ofthe exposed or outer surfaces ofa prism. A net isthe unfolded ‘plan’ ofa solid. ‘© Volume is the three dimensional space occupied by an object, or the contents of ‘an object. Itis measured in cubic units. + Volume of a rectangular prism: 1x b xh + Volume of a triangular prism: ($b h) x HL + Volume of a square prism or cube: s? + Volume of a cylinder: wr? x ht ‘+ A pyramid isa geometric solid that has a polygon as its base and sides that converge at apoint called the apex. The sides are not perpendicular to the base. ‘Surface area formulae: + square pyramick 5(6 + 2h) + triangular pyramid: 40(hg + 3h,) + tight cone: rr(r + hy) + sphere: dr!‘= Volume formulae: square pyramick 4 x Px HT twiangular pyramid: $ x $Uh x #7 right cone: $x ar? x H sphere: 4x3 ‘+ Multiplying one or more dimensions of a prism or cylinder by a constant I affects the surface area and volume. DEFINITION: Area Area is the two dimensional space inside the boundary of a flat object. It is measured in square units. Name Shape Formula Square Area Rectangle Area =b xh Triangle AreaTrapezium L Area = 5 (a+b) xh fh / Parallelogram 5 Area = b x hh Circle C Area = ar® (Circumference = 21 Example 1: Finding the area of a polygon QUESTION Find the area of the following parallelogram: AgmmE “4mm D Find the areas of each of the polygons below: 10cm 10cmoom 2iem 12.2 Right prisms and cylinders EMA DEFINITION: Right prism A tight prism is a geometric solid that has a polygon as its base and vertical sides perpendicular to the base. The base and top surface are the same shape and size. It is called a “right” prism because the angles between the base and sides are right angles. Examples of right prisms are given below: a rectangular prism, a cube, a triangular prism anda cylinder. 4 A triangular prism has a triangle as its base, a rectangular prism has a rectangle as its base, and a cube is a rectangular prism with all its sides of equal length. A cylinder is another type of right prism which has a circle as its base.Step 1: Sketch and label the net of the prism 2am J2cm scm 10cm ‘Step 2: Find the areas of the different shapes in the net large rectangle = perimeter of small rectangle x length 2+5+2+5) x10 14x10 140 cr 2x small rectangle = 2(6 x 2) 2(10) 20cm? Step 3: Find the sum of the areas of the iaces large rectangle +-2 x small rectangle = 140 +20 = 160 cm?Volume of prisms and cylinders ta EMAEQ. DEFINITION: Volume Volume is the three dimensional space occupied by an object, er the com tents of an object. It is measured in cubic units The volume of a right prism is simply calculated by multiplying the area of the base of a solid by the height of the solid, |i. | Volume = area otbase hehe Rectangular area of rectangle x height psn T . Ux bxh Volume = area of base x height Tiangular area of tangle x height prism 1 (35x) xa Volume = area of base x height Orinder area cice x height mexh QUESTION Find the volume of the following cube: SOLUTION Step 1 : Find the area of the baseFind the volume of the triangular prism: fe Xm ‘Sem SOLUTION Seep 1 Find the area of the base Find the volume of the following cylinder (correct to 1 decimal place): 12.3 ta EMA baie pyramids, right cones and spheres DEFINITION: Pyramid A pyramid is a geometric solid that has a polygon as its base and sides that converge at 2 point called the apex. In other words the sides are not perpendicular to the base,The triangular pyramid and square pyramid take their names from the shape of their base. We call a pyramid a “right pyramid” ifthe line between the apex and the centre of the base is perpendicular to the base. Cones are similar to pyramids except that their bases are circles instead of polygons. Spheres are solids that are perfectly round and look the: same from any direction, ‘Examples of a square pyramid, a triangular pyramid, a cone and a sphere: a Pyramid B+4(5im,) a, roe —— ana ved eee ($b x hy) +3 ($x hy) 40(he + 3h) / \ er om é area of walls a) ae ar(r +h) Surface area = 4xr?Volume — § x ara of base x Square pyramid height of pyramid xtc Volume — § x ara of base x Trine J pyramid height of pyramid dds Volume — § x ara of base x ight J as height of cone dure sphere Volume = fx" 12.4 The effect of multiplying a dimension by a factor of k ca EMAEU When one or more of the dimensions of a prism or cylinder is multiplied by a constant, the surface area and volume will change. The new surface area and volume can be calculated by using the formulae from the preceding section, It is possible to see a relationship between the change in dimensions and the resulting change in surface area and volume. These relationships make it simpler to calculate the new volume or surface area of an object when its dimersions are scaled up or down.Consider a rectangular prism of dimensions J, } and h. Below we multiply one, two and three of its dimensions by a constant factor of 5 and calculate the new volume and. surface area. Dimensions Volume Suriace Original dimensions melo Valxbxh A=2All xh) + (Lb) + (bx AY] od wh 20h 416-498) ‘Multiply one dimension bys Vata bx 5h Ay =2(L x Bi) + (1b) + (6% 5h)] (06h) (6th +16 +58 wv Dimensions Volume Surface Multipy wo dimen sions by 5 —— Vy =5I xb x 5h Ap = 261 x 5h) + (61x 0) + (6% 58) 5.50) 2x 5(6Ih + 16-+ bh) Bev sons by 6 Ag = (61 x 5h) + (51 x 5b) + (Bb x 5A)] Vg = 50x 5658 5 2(6%th + 5% + 5%on) (0h) : 32 2h + 6+ 68) av BA sions by & Vi = Hx Bo xk | Ay = 21K x RR) + (Rd x Bb) + (Rb bA)] a) =P) Bx 2th + 18+) Ep. BV RA Hl ib