Cellular Biology
Dr. Thanh Huong LE
Cellular Biology
Dr. Thanh Huong LE
Assessment
Percentage Type
Attendance/Attitude 10%
Assignment 00%
Writing exam/ Multi-
Mid-term exam 20%
Choice Question
Practical 20% Attitude and report
Writing exam/ Multi-
Final exam 50%
Choice Question
Hours
Class
Contents
Lect.
Prc.
Exr.
1 [1] Topic 1: The fundamental unit of 03
life
2 [2] Topic 2: The chemical 03
components of the cells
3 [3] Topic 3: Eukaryotic cell structure 12
4 [4] Topic 6: Cell cycle and cell 03
communication
5 [5] Topic 8: Apoptosis, autophagy, 03
cancer, and stem cell
6 [6] Topic 7: Cell metabolism 02
7 [7] Topic 9: Prokaryotic cell and virus02
8 [8] Topic 10: Cell techniques and 02
their applications
9 [9] Topic 11: Lab work 06
10 Tutor 05
Total: 30 05 06
Cellular Biology
Chapter 1. The fundamental unit of life
Dr. Thanh Huong LE
Essential concepts
- Give the definition of the cells
- Difference between Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes cells
- Describe domains and kingdoms
Part 1
What is a cell?
1. Characteristics of living organisms
All living organisms have a set of seven characteristics that separate them from non-living objects.
All living organisms are constructed from cells.
CELL
organism
organs
tissues
cells
Unity and diversity of Cells
UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISMS ORGANISMS
Single celled organisms
Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes
(A) Drawing of a single nerve cell from a mammalian brain
(B) Paramecium. This protozoan—a single giant cell—swims by means of the beating cilia that cover its surface.
(C) Chlamydomonas. This type of single-celled green algae is found all over the world
(D) Saccharomyces cerevisiae. this yeast cell, used in baking bread, reproduces itself by a process called budding.
(E) Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium—a causative agent of stomach ulcers—uses a handful of whip like flagella to propel
itself through the stomach lining.
Neuron RBC Sperm
Size
Shape
Difference in:
Structure
Function
How big is a cell and its components?
(A) the sizes of cells and of their component parts, plus the units in which they are measured.
(B) Drawings to convey a sense of scale between living cells and atoms. Each panel shows an image that is magnified
by a factor of 10 compared to its predecessor—producing an imaginary progression from a thumb, to skin, to skin cells,
to a mitochondrion, to a ribosome, and ultimately to a cluster of atoms forming part of one of the many protein
molecules in our bodies. Note that ribosomes are present inside mitochondria (as shown here), as well as in the
cytoplasm.
Cells Under the Microscope
Robert C. Hooke (1635-1703)
Hooke viewed a thin cutting of cork and
1665: The cell was first discovered and discovered empty spaces contained by
named by Robert Hooke walls which he termed cells
Read more at https://www.science-of-aging.com/timelines/hooke-history-cell discovery.php#4YZWECUjTtl3kZlh.99
1674 – Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Gave descriptions of many protists, including this ciliate
He saw bacteria some 9 years later,
1838 – Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory
1. The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in
living things.
2. The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building
block in the construction of organisms.
3. Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of
crystals (spontaneous generation).
Pasteur’s test of spontaneous generation (1960s)
By sterilizing a food source and keeping it isolated from the outside,
Pasteur observed no putrefaction of the food source (top panel).
Modern Cell Theory
1. All known living things are made up of cells.
2. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. (Spontaneous Generation does
not occur).
4. Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell
division.
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
6. All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.
Part 2
Domain of life
How organisms are classified
- Organisms can be classified by the features that they share.
- Classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships (change of adaptive features of a
population over time, as a result of natural selection)
- Morphology: the overall form and shape of their bodies: For example wings, legs…
- Anatomy: the detailed body structure determined by dissection
DNA for classification:
- DNA sequencing of different species helped to classify organisms using a more scientific approach
- The more similar the base sequences in the DNA of two species, the more closely related those two species
are (and the more recent their common ancestor is)
Important of classification:
- Conservation
- Evolutionary relationship
Classification concepts:
- Species: a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
The binomial system
A system of naming species, in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts
showing the genus and species
Normal name: Human
Scientific name: Homo sapiens
EUKARYOTIC
PROKARYOTIC
Image from Purves et al.,
Domain Bacteria
- Unicellular, although a few live colonial lives at least some of the time (e.g. Cyanobacteria)
- Include: autotrophic and heterotrophic
- They are small individually, but make a huge part of the earth’s biomass
Ex: a single E.coli bacteria has a dry
weight of 25x10-14 g, but total
account for 1-1.5 kg of human’s
weight
Electron micrograph of a
thin section of Escherichia coli a
common intestinal bacterium
Simplest structure of bacteria
Adapted for growth under many diverse conditions
Temperatures:
Most known prokaryotic
species, called mesophiles
grow best between 25° C and
40°C
Psychrophiles grow best at
temperatures between 15°C and
20°C, but some species can live
at 0° C
Thermophiles grow at
temperatures between 50°C and
60°C, but some can tolerate
temperatures as high as 110°C
Domain Archaea
Unicellular, prokaryotic
Lack nuclei are similar in size and shape(s), which initially suggested that they were
closely related to bacteria and were therefore prokaryotes.
rRNA gene sequence
comparisons: archaea were
more closely related to
eukaryotes than bacteria.
Figure 01.F07: Phylogenetic analysis by molecular methods shows
that organisms can be classified into three domains.
Domain Archaea
The archaea include the most diverse extremophiles :
Acidophiles: grow at acidic (low) pH.
Alkaliphiles: grow at high pH.
Toxicolerants: grow in the presence of high levels of damaging elements (e.g.,
pools of benzene, nuclear waste).
Psychrophiles: grow best at temperatures 15°C or lower
Thermophiles/hyperthermophiles: organisms that grow best at 40°C or
higher, or 80°C or higher, respectively. Pyrolobus fumarii, shown below, can live at
a temperature 113°C
Application
Taq polymerase, the heat-stable DNA polymerase that made the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR): Thermus aquaticus
Thermus aquaticus Pyrococcus furiosus
Best growth at 65 to 70°C but can It grows between 70°C and 103°C, with an
survive at temperatures of 50°C optimum temperature of 100°C
to 80°C
Pfu DNA polymerase
EUKARYOTIC
PROKARYOTIC
Image from Purves et al.,
Domain Eukarya/ Eukaryotic cell
• A eukaryotic cell contains many membrane-delimited compartments.
• Eukaryotic cells have the nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane.
• Within the cytoplasm there
are individual compartments,
each surrounded by a
membrane.
Nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell.
Photo © Wright, et al., 1988. Originally published in The Journal of Cell
Biology, 107: 101-114. Used with permission of Rockefeller University
Press. Photo courtesy of Jasper Rine, University of California, Berkeley.
Map of cell shows different organelles have different pH values.
Prokaryote vs Eukaryotic
EUKARYOTIC
PROKARYOTIC
Image from Purves et al.,
Protista
Composed of a single cell or a colony of similar cells
Live in water, in moist terrestrial habitats, and as parasites and other symbionts in the bodies of multicellular
eukaryotes. Autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both.
Reproduce asexually, some sexually
They are best defined as eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants. They are
polyphyletic
Euglena Trypanosoma
Slime molds
Kelp Comatricha nigra with developing fruiting bodies.
EUKARYOTIC
PROKARYOTIC
Image from Purves et al.,
Fungi
Eukaryotic.
Decomposers – the best recyclers around.
No chlorophyll – non-photosynthetic.
Most multicellular (hyphae) – some unicellular (yeast)
Non-motile.
Cell walls made of chitin
Are more related to animals than the plant kingdom.
EUKARYOTIC
PROKARYOTIC
Image from Purves et al.,
Plantae
Multicellular, eukaryotes and consist of a rigid structure that surrounds the cell
membrane called the cell wall (made of cellulose)
The plant kingdom has the following characteristic features:
They are non-motile
They usually reproduce sexually
They follow the autotrophic mode of nutrition
These contain photosynthetic pigments called chlorophyll in the plastids.
Classification of Kingdom Plantae
Plant body: whether the body has well-differentiated structures or not.
Vascular system: whether the plant has a vascular system for the transportation of substances or not
Seed formation: whether the plant bears flowers and seeds or not; if it does, then whether it is enclosed
within fruits or not.
Classification of Kingdom Plantae
All the plants that lack a well-differentiated body structure belong to the subgroup
Thallophyta
Thallophytes commonly include members with primitive and simple body
designs such as green algae and brown algae. The majority of them are aquatic
https://byjus.com/biology/plant-kingdom-plantae/
Classification of Kingdom Plantae
Small, non-vascular plants that prefer moist environments
Bryophytes have differentiated plant body like stem, leaf structures. But they lack
a vascular system for the transportation of substances across the plant body
https://byjus.com/biology/plant-kingdom-plantae/
Classification of Kingdom Plantae
Pteridophytes have well-differentiated structures such as stem, root, leaves as well as
a vascular system
Pteridophytes: Spore-dispersing vascular plants
https://byjus.com/biology/plant-kingdom-plantae/
Classification of Kingdom Plantae
Gymnosperms are plants that have well-differentiated plant body, vascular
system and they bear seeds
gymno: naked and sperma: seed
Vascular plants that possess “exposed” seeds
https://byjus.com/biology/plant-kingdom-plantae/
Classification of Kingdom Plantae
Angiosperms are also seed-bearing plants with well-differentiated plant body
angio: covered and sperma: seed
Angiosperms are commonly known as flowering plants
Vascular plants that possess special characteristics such as flowers and fruits
https://byjus.com/biology/plant-kingdom-plantae/
EUKARYOTIC
PROKARYOTIC
Image from Purves et al.,
Animalia
Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that are capable of mobility at least
for part of their life, and that have cells lacking cell walls
Classification
Take home messages
Cells are the fundamental units of life.
2 types of organism: Unicellular and Multicellular
Cell difference in size, shape, structure, and function
Spontaneous generation does not occur
2 cell types: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic/ common and difference?
3 domains, 5 kingdoms and characteristics
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