SQL CRUD
Create, Read, Update, Delete
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CRUD Operations in SQL
I Create (INSERT)
I Read (SELECT - covered later)
I Update (UPDATE)
I Delete (DELETE, DROP)
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INSERT Command
General form is
INSERT INTO <table_name> (<column_name> [, ...]) VALUES
(<new_value> [, ...]);
Example:
insert into author (author_id, first_name, second_name)
values (1, "Jenny","McCarthy");
Can leave off column names list to insert positionally:
insert into author values (1, "Jenny","McCarthy");
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UPDATE Command
General form:
UPDATE <table_name> SET <column_name>=<new_value> [, ...]
WHERE expression
Example: Surely we meant Lisp inventor, AI co-founder, and Turing
Award winner John McCarthy instead of anti-vaxxer Jenny McCarthy.
update author set first_name=’John’ where
last_name=’McCarthy’;
Notice that we can use single or double quotes in most RDBMS systems.
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DELETE Command
General form:
DELETE FROM <table_name> WHERE <boolean_expression>;
Example:
delete from author where last_name="Batty";
Can also drop whole tables:
DROP TABLE <table_name>
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Referential Integrity
To maintain integrity on update or delete specify:
I For ON DELETE:
I SET NULL
I SET DEFAULT
I For ON UPDATE
I CASCADE
Note: for MySQL ON DELETE RESTRICT is the default.
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Referential Integrity - SET NULL
Example:
CREATE TABLE pub (
pub_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
title VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
book_id INT,
foreign key (book_id) REFERENCES book(book_id) ON
DELETE SET NULL
);
Means that if the row from the book table containing book_id is deleted,
then book_id is set to NULL for each affected row in the pub table.
Notice that if you choose SET NULL as your ON DELETE action your
column definition must allow nulls.
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Referential Integrity Constraints in MySQL
MySQL will only enforce referential integrity contraints that are specfied
separately from column definitions as above. The following syntax:
CREATE TABLE pub (
pub_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
title VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
book_id INT REFERENCES book(book_id) ON DELETE SET NULL
);
is valid SQL syntax but is ignored by MySQL’s default InnoDB engine.
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Referential Integrity - SET DEFAULT
Example:
CREATE TABLE pub (
pub_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
title VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
book_id INT DEFAULT 0 REFERENCES book(book_id) ON
DELETE SET DEFAULT
);
Means that if the row from the book table containing book_id is
deleted, then book_id is set to 0 for each affected row in the pub table.
Note: MySQL’s default InnoDB engine does not implement
ON DELETE SET DEFAULT.
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Referential Integrity - CASCADE
Example:
CREATE TABLE pub (
pub_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
title VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
book_id INT NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY (book_id) REFERENCES book(book_id) ON
UPDATE CASCADE
);
Means that if a book_id value changes for a row in the book table, the
change is applied to the affected rows of the pub table also.
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Multiple Referential Integrity Constraints
You would normally set contraints for updates and deletes.
Example:
CREATE TABLE pub (
pub_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
title VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
book_id INT,
FOREIGN KEY (book_id) REFERENCES book(book_id)
ON UPDATE CASCADE
ON DELETE SET NULL
);
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