ZERAKI ACHIEVERS’ EXAMINATIONS (2023)

Term 2- 2023
HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT (311)
FORM TWO (1)

Time:

Name: MARKING SCHEME

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School: ……………………………………………………….. Class: …………………..
Signature: …………………………………………………….. Date: …………………...

Instructions to Candidates

a. This paper consists of THREE sections A ,B AND C

a. Answer ALL QUESTIONS.
a. Answers to all the questions must be written legibly in the answer booklet provided.
Candidates should answer the questions in English

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 SECTION A (25 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
1 .State the relationship between History and Government (1 mark)
i. History is the study of man’s past activities while Government is the study of how
people are governed
2 . Identify two custodians of Oral traditions as a source of History and Government (2
marks)
i. Village Elders
ii. Court Workers
iii. Jesters
iv. Griots/narrators/leaders of oral traditions
3 .Give one physical features of Aegyptopithecus/Egyptian Ape (1 mark)
i. It had a stereoscopic vision / had deep eye sockets.
ii. The hands / front legs enabled him to jump skillfully from one tree to another.
iii. It was quadrupedal / walked on four.
iv. It had 32 teeth.
v. It was small / weighed about 4kgs.
4 .Identify the technology that was used to make Sangoan tools during the Middle Stone
Age (1 mark)
i. Levallois technique- a method of hitting smaller stones on bigger stones in a special way to
produce flakes which were then refined into sangoan tools
5 .State two limitations of using caves as shelters by early human beings during the stone
age period (2 marks)
i. They could collapse over them
ii. Wild creatures could bite them
iii. Human enemies could easily attack them
iv. The caves were exposed to cold/winds/floods
6 .State two ways in which agriculture spread to Agriculture (2 marks)
i. Through trade
ii. Through migration and settlement.
iii. Through intermarriage.
iv. Through wars
7 .Give one methods of irrigation that were used in Mesopotamia (1 mark)
i. Shadoof method
8 .State two similarities between Early agriculture in Egypt and Mesopotamia (2 marks)
i. In both, it was practised along river valleys.
ii. Farmers depended on flood water for farming.
iii. Developed systems of irrigation.
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 iv. Used farm implements made of stone, wood and later metal.
v. Developed a system of storage and preservation of food.
vi. Used both animal and human labour.
vii. Planted indigenous crops.
viii. Traded in farm produce.
9 .Identify two communities in Kenya that comprise of Eastern Cushites (2 marks)
i. Borana
ii. Somali
iii. Oromo/Galla
iv. Gabra
v. Rendille
vi. Burji/Surji
10 .Give the main economic activity of the Bantus (1 mark)
i. Cultivation of crops/crop growing
NB: Not farming
11 .State two functions of warriors among Kenyan communities (2 marks)
i. Defending the community from external attacks
ii. Raiding for property
iii. They were used for territorial expansion
12 .Give two archaeological evidences of the Chinese presence at the coast of East Africa
before 700AD (2 marks)
i. Remains of Chinese coins
ii. Remains of Chinese Pottery/Porcelain
13 .Identify the main reason for the growth of Kilwa as a coastal city state by the 19th
century (1 mark)
i. Due to the Sofala gold trade
14 .State the main economic responsibility of a Kenyan Citizen (1 mark)
i. Payment of taxes
15 .Apart from the National Anthem and National Flag, identify one symbol of National
Unity in Kenya (1 mark)
i. Public Seal
ii. Coat of Arms
16. State one disadvantage of use of wood as an early source of energy (1 mark)
i. Continued use of wood fuel resulted to desertification
ii. Wood produces smoke that pollutes the environment
iii.
17. Identify two theories that has been put forward to explain the origin of iron
working in Africa(2 marks)
i. Diffusion theory
ii. Independent development theory

SECTION B (45 MARKS)

ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

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18a .Give three factors that contributed to the growth of trade between the Kenyan Coast
and the outside world by the 16th Century (3 marks)
i. Availability of trade items
ii. Demand for goods
iii. Existence of the enterprising merchants
iv. The accessibility of the East African Coast by sea
v. Existence of local trade
vi. There was political stability
vii. Existence of natural harbours
viii. The occurrence of the monsoon winds
b.Explain six reasons that led to the decline of the Portuguese rule along the Kenyan Coast
during the 17th Century (12 marks)
i. The coastal city states organised a constant rebellion against the Portuguese at the coast
ii. Portuguese administrators were corrupt and mismanaged finances meant for
administration
iii. Portugal was too small to provide enough soldiers and administrators to control the
whole of its empire away
iv. Malindi, their traditional ally refused to support the Portuguese because they were cruel
to them.
v. Decline of the Indian ocean trade since it was the main source of income for the empire.
vi. The Annexation of Portugal by Spain weakened Portugal control of the coast
vii. Intense commercial rivalry from the Dutch, the British and French reduced the
Portuguese source of revenue
viii. The defeat and capture of Fort Jesus by the Omani Arabs brought Portuguese rule to an
end.

19 a.State three factors that favoured the development of local trade (3 marks)
i. Existence of Surplus production.
ii. Uneven distribution of natural resources.
iii. Difference in Climatic and environmental conditions.
iv. Population increase making man to begin to supplement his needs by trading
v. Specialization and improved technology which always creates a need to exchange skills and
goods.
b.Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Trans-Atlantic trade (12 marks)
i. Development of industrial revolution in Europe/use of machines in farms shifted demand
for slaves to demand for agricultural produce.
ii. Attainment of independence by U.S.A left Britain without colonies where she could take
slaves to work / Closure of slave market in America.
iii. Rise in humanitarians e.g. missionaries in Britain forced her to abandon slave trade and
slavery / Philanthropists.
iv. The development of legitimate trade which was more profitable and less costly.
v. Britain abolished slave trade and influenced other countries in European to stop slave trade
and slavery by signing treaties.
vi. Leading economists argued that free people were more productive than slaves. e.g. Adam
Smith.
vii. French revolution in 1789 and spread of its ideas of liberty.
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viii. Results of the American civil war of 1861-1865 which was won by those opposed to
slavery.
ix. Resistance by Africans in W. Africa and the new world made the Europeans to abandon slave
trade.
x. Need to retain Africans in their homeland to produce raw materials for the developing
industries.
20 a. State three disadvantages of road transport (3 marks)
i. Accidents are high on roads, leading to loss of lives.
ii. Traffic congestion leading to jams
iii. Exhaust fumes from motor vehicles cause air pollution
iv. It is expensive to construct all weather roads.
v. Limited to certain areas.eg it cannot go beyond lands.
b. Explain six ways in which rail transport promoted industrialization in Europe (12
marks)
i. It facilitated the transportation of bulky raw materials to industries.
ii. It facilitated the fast transportation of bulky manufactured goods to market.
iii. It facilitated the transportation of fuel, especially coal to the industries.
iv. It facilitated the transportation of workers to the industries.
v. It promoted the migration and settlement of people to new areas which were sources of raw
materials.
vi. It opened up mining and farming in the interior of most countries.
vii. It facilitated the transportation of bulky goods and machinery for installation in industries.
viii. Revenue from the railways was used in setting up industries.
ix. It promoted interaction between towns and people, hence promoted investment in industries.

SECTION C (30 MARKS)

ANSWER THE TWO QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
21 a. State three conditions under which one can be registered as a Kenyan citizen (3
marks)
i. If a person has been married to a Kenyan citizen for a period of at least 7 years.
ii. If a person who has been lawfully living in Kenya for a continuous period of at least 7 years.
iii. A child adopted by a citizen.
b. Explain six values/elements of good citizenship (12 marks)
i. Ethics, citizens are to adhere to rules that govern behavior.
ii. Thrift, this is wise use of available resources.
iii. Integrity, citizens have to follow the law to the latter.
iv. Morality, this is upholding universally accepted standards.
v. Patriotism, citizens have to love and promote well being of the country.
vi. Nationalism, citizens are expected to put nation’s interest first above race, tribe or
religion.
22 a. State three advantages of use of Arbitration as a method of conflict resolution (3
marks)
i. It is flexible as one chooses the time to meet.
ii. One can choose his / her own arbitrator.
iii. It is private and confidential / no publicity.
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 iv. It is fast as one chooses the time.
v. One chooses his / her rules.
b. Explain six factors that limit National unity in Kenya (12 marks)
i. Greed, that is extreme desire to have wealth or power ie land grabbing.
ii. Uneven economic development resulting when some regions are more developed than
others, it creates division and resentment.
iii. Capitalism encourages individualism; this widens the gap between the rich and the poor,
where wealth is in hands of a few.
iv. Poverty which is a state of want, results to antisocial behaviors such as crime.
v. Ignorance as some individuals are ignorant of the need for peace.
vi. Intolerance of divergent view resulting from failure to accept different opinions or
ideologies.
vii. Corruption which is misuse of public power for private gain, it creates bad relation
among people.
viii. Nepotism which is favouring one’s relatives in provision of public resources creates
animosity.
ix. Racism creates division among people, as one hates people of a different race.
x. Religious conflict between Muslims and Christians or Protestants and Catholics divides a
people.
xi. Tribalism, that is favouring people from one’s ethnic group in allocation of resources.
xii. Political party membership is characterized by divisive politics.

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