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311/2 NAME: _______________________
HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT CLASS: ______ ADM. NO: _______
PAPER 2 INDEX. NO: __________________
TERM 2 - MAY 2025
MARKING SCHEME
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2
Section A (25 marks)
1. Identify one period in history. (1 mark)
(i) Pre-history
(ii) History
Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
2. Identify the type of government in which people from the highest social class rule
over the others. (1 mark)
(i) Aristocratic /Aristocracy/Oligarchy
1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)
3. Give one characteristic of Homo Erectus. (1 mark)
(i) Was upright/ bipedal or walked on two legs.
(ii) The brain capacity was ranged from 700cc and 1250 cc./ Had higher thinking
capacity.
(iii) Had more developed speech than earlier creatures
(iv) Had more developed hand/thumb for grasping objects
(v) Had long skull.
(vi) Had protruding jaws.
(vii) Was about five feet, six inches in height
Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
4. Identify the method used to plant cereal crops when agriculture begun. (1 mark)
(i) Broadcasting/scattering of seeds
1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)
5. Give two inventions that led to Agrarian Revolution in Britain. (2 marks)
(i) The seed drill
(ii) The horse drawn hoe
(iii) Selective breeding of livestock
(iv) Introduction of fertilizers
(v) Mechanical reaper/combine harvester
(vi) Mechanical thresher
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
6. Highlight one early form of communication. (1 mark)
(i) Fire/smoke signal
(ii) Messengers/runners
(iii) Written messages on scrolls/tablets/parchments
(iv) Drumbeats
(v) Horn blowing
(vi) Ululation/screams/cries/clicking of tongues/whistling
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(vii) Bells
(viii) Flags
(ix) Gestures
Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
7. State two negative effects of the development of motor vehicle transport. (2 marks)
(i) It causes traffic jams especially in urban areas
(ii) It contributes to environmental pollution
(iii) It damages roads
(iv) It causes accidents which leads to deaths/injuries
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
8. Give two contributions of the invention of the steam engine to industry in the 18th
century in Europe. (2 marks)
(i) Machines were able to operate efficiently /machines worked better
(ii) It enabled industries to be located far from the sources of energy.
(iii) It led to establishment of industries in many places
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
9. Give the main item of trade from West Africa during the Trans-Saharan trade.
(1
mark)
(i) Gold
1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)
10. Name two groups of people who were involved in the Trans-Atlantic trade.
(2
marks)
(i) The Europeans
(ii) The Africans
(iii) The Americans
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
11. State two functions of Saza chiefs in the Baganda kingdom. (2 marks)
(i) To maintain law and order
(ii) To collect taxes
(iii) To recruit men for military services
(iv) They settled disputes/tried cases in court
(v) They advised the king/they were members of the Lukiiko
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
12. Identify two functions of Athens as an early urban centre in Europe. (2 marks)
(i) It was a cultural centre/music/art/theatre
(ii) It was an educational centre
(iii) It was a sports centre
(iv) It was a religious centre
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
13. Give the main factor that contributed to the emergence of Johannesburg as a
modern urban centre. (1 mark)
(i) Discovery of gold deposits
1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)
14. Name one country in West Africa that was colonized by the Germans. (1 mark)
(i) Togo
(ii) Cameroon
Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
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15. State one way in which African collaboration with the Europeans hastened
colonization in Africa. (1 mark)
(i) It created disunity among Africans
(ii) It encouraged Europeans to settle on African land
(iii) It assisted Europeans in conquering other communities
(iv) It enabled the Europeans to establish their control/entrench themselves
Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
16. Outline two reasons why the British used indirect rule in Northern Nigeria.
(2
marks)
(i) To reduce administrative cost of the colony since the region was vast.
(ii) The British lacked enough trained personnel to administer the area.
(iii) There existed an already acceptable system of administration
(iv) To avoid resistance from the people of northern Nigeria
(v) Indirect rule had already succeeded in Uganda and India
(vi) Poor transport and communication network prompted them to use the policy.
(vii) There was communication barrier between the British and local communities.
(viii) The adoption of the dual mandate policy by the British government encouraged
them to use the policy
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
17. Identify two political reforms introduced by President Fredrik de Klerk that led to
the achievement of black majority rule in South Africa. (2 marks)
(i) He released all the political prisoners
(ii) Repealed apartheid laws, e.g. pass laws
(iii) Lifting the ban of political parties
(iv) Allowing Africans to participate in elections
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
Section B (45 marks)
18. (a) Mention five adaptations that distinguish man from other primates.
(5
marks)
(i) Loss of body hair
(ii) Ability to speak
(iii) Ability to grasp objects/well developed thumb
(iv) Development of upright posture.
(v) High thinking capacity
(vi) Ability to make and use tools
Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)
(b) Describe the cultural and economic practices of early man during the Middle
Stone Age period. (10 marks)
(i) Man was a hunter and gatherer
(ii) Man- made tools like hand axes using levallois method.
(iii) Man did fishing on rivers and lakes
(iv) They lived in camps for protection purposes
(v) They made shelters and also lived in caves.
(vi) They used simple hunting methods of chasing animals and throwing stones at
them as well as using traps
(vii) They started wearing animal skins as clothing
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(viii) They painted themselves using red ochre and oil
(ix) Man developed a distinct language to enhance communication
(x) Rock painting was done on cave walls and rocks.
(xi) They decorated themselves with necklaces made from seeds and animal bones
(xii) Man- made fire and was used for a number of purposes like providing warmth
during cold seasons
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)
19. (a) State five disadvantages of using air transport. (5 marks)
(i) It is expensive to procure, maintain and use aircrafts.
(ii) Construction of air strips requires a lot of resources like land
(iii) They can only take off and land in designated areas thus inconveniencing
the users.
(iv) Aircrafts cannot carry bulky goods as compared to other forms.
(v) Its operations are affected by weather conditions.
(vi) They cause air pollution
(vii) Using aircrafts has contributed to terrorism and drug trafficking
(viii) Use of aircrafts in military has led to massive destruction of property and deaths
of many people.
(ix) Accidents involving aircrafts are fatal.
(x) It requires skilled personnel to manage its operations
Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)
(b) Explain five positive effects of telecommunication in society. (10 marks)
(i) It has made it possible for messages to be conveyed faster over long distances.
(ii) It has led to the spread and sharing of ideas between people in different parts of
the world.
(iii) They are used for entertainment especially televisions, computers and
cinemas.
(iv) They are a medium of transmitting education programmes all over the world.
(v) Weather forecasting, navigation and space exploration have been made easy by
use of satellites.
(vi) Information can be relayed to remote regions through the radio, television and
cell phones.
(vii) It has promoted trade and tourism through advertisements
(viii) Security has improved through the use of cameras and close circuit televisions.
(ix) Modern weapons use telecommunication services hence reliability.
(x) They have created various job opportunities.
(xi) The devices like electronic tax registers have improved tax or revenue collection
systems.
(xii) The use of computers has enabled information to be stored for future use.
(xiii) It has promoted business transactions.
(xiv) The government earns revenue through taxation on telecommunication services.
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)
20. (a) State five uses of coal as a source of energy. (5 marks)
(i) To provide energy for lighting.
(ii) To heat water for generation of steam power.
(iii) To drive factory machines using steam power.
(iv) To Move locomotive engines on rails.
(v) To smelt iron in furnaces/to produce coke.
(vi) To manufacture dyes/pharmaceutical products
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Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)
(b) Explain five solutions to the challenges facing industrialization in third world
countries. (10 marks)
(i) There is need to develop transport and communication networks.
(ii) There is need to support cottage industries.
(iii) Impose heavy taxes on imported goods to limit competitions.
(iv) Borrowing loans from developed countries and investing in economically viable
projects.
(v) They need to encourage technical education to produce experts
(vi) Proper use of available raw materials.
(vii) Encourage democracy to avoid political instability.
(viii) Checking population increase through strengthening family planning methods.
(ix) Encourage foreign and local investors by giving them softer terms.
(x) Discouraging brain drain by offering attractive services to locally trained
experts.
(xi) Develop early warning systems to reduce effects of natural calamities.
(xii) Promote regional cooperation for a wider industrial market
(xiii) Reduce military spending and divert it to industrialization
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)
21. (a) Highlight five causes of the Mandinka resistance against the French invasion
in the late 19th century. (5 marks)
(i) He wanted to maintain his independence from the French interference.
(ii) He wanted to protect his gold fields especially the Bure mines from French
exploitation.
(iii) He wanted to retain his authority as a leader i.e. as Al- Imam, a title he
adopted in 1874.
(iv) He wanted to protect his trade which earned him revenue to purchase arms and
ammunitions
(v) He wanted to safeguard Islam form Christian influence/ He was fighting a holy
war (Jihad).
(vi) He had a strong army and weapons thus had confidence in his army.
(vii) He wanted to preserve Mandinka culture.
(viii) He was unhappy with Frenchs activities of selling arms to his enemies like
Tiebba of Sikasso.
(ix) He wanted to protect the Mandinka land from European occupation.
Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)
(b) Explain five effects of the partition of Africa on the Africans. (10 marks)
(i) Africans lost their independence as Europeans established colonies.]
(ii) African economies were weakened through European exploitation of their
resources.
(iii) African systems of government were replaced by European systems.
(iv) Africans adopted European languages which became official languages in the
colonies.
(v) Modern African states were created by the boundaries drawn during the partition.
(vi) Africans lost their lives and property as they resisted occupation.
(vii) African cultures were undermined through introduction of western education,
Christianity and health services.
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(viii) Closer ties were forged between Africans and Europeans which created
overdependence on Europe.
(ix) It intensified warfare among African communities.
(x) Infrastructure/roads/railways were developed to link agriculture and major
mining areas.
(xi) Introduction of new policies like taxation and forced labour which were
unpopular among African communities.
(xii) Introduction of new crops together with new farming methods.
(xiii) Some African communities were split by the boundaries drawn during partition.
(xiv) Africans lost their land as Europeans established permanent settlements.
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)
Section C (30 marks)
22. (a) State three factors which led to the rise of the Shona Kingdom during the
pre- colonial period. (3
marks)
(i) The region occupied by the kingdom was suitable for farming thus increased food
production for the population
(ii) They took part in the long distance trade thus were able to obtain weapons for
defence and territorial expansion.
(iii) They had able leaders who were able to hold the kingdom together e.g.
Chikura and Nyatsimba Mutota.
(iv) The kingdom had a strong standing army that enabled her to conquer her
neighbours.
(v) The kingdom was rich in minerals such as gold and copper and this brought
wealth.
(vi) They had a strong religion that was based on the Mwari cult thus unity.
Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)
(b) Describe the political organization of the Asante during the pre-colonial
period. (12
marks)
(i) The empire was a centralized state under a king
(ii) The kingdom was divided into three divisions namely the nucleus (Kumasi)
states, States outside Kumasi (Amatoo), and conquered states (provincial Asante).
(iii) The overall ruler of the empire was the Asantehene.
(iv) The office of the Asantehene was hereditary.
(v) The Asantehene was the commander- in- chief of the armed forces.
(vi) Kumasi was under direct control of the Asantehene.
(vii) The conquered states were ruled by their kings but treated as provinces of the
Asante.
(viii) The Asantehene ruled with the assistance of a confederacy of kings/Omanhene
who took oath of allegiance to ensure loyalty to the Asantehene.
(ix) The conquered states and the Omanhene were allowed some autonomy but were
expected to pay tribute to the Asantehene and contribute soldiers in times of war.
(x) The empire had a standing army which was used for defense, and conquering
other states.
(xi) The empire had a well -established court system based at Kumasi and was headed
by the king.
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(xii) The Annual Odwira festival strengthened solidarity and nationalism in the
kingdom.
(xiii) The sacred golden stool strengthened unity in the empire.
Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)
23. (a) Name three communes which were established by the French in Senegal
during the colonial period. (3
marks)
(i) St. Louis
(ii) Goree
(iii) Dakar
(iv) Rufisque
Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)
(b) Explain six effects of direct rule in Zimbabwe. (12 marks)
(i) It led to land alienation resulting in displacement of Africans.
(ii) The African traditional rulers lost their independence
(iii) Africans were subjected to heavy taxation.
(iv) Africans were subjected to forced labour thus undermining African economy as
some worked in the white farms.
(v) British South Africa Company was given too much power in the administration of
the colony.
(vi) It led to the development of transport network in the country.
(vii) It led to introduction of new crops like wheat
(viii) It led to introduction of Western education and Christianity into the country thus
undermining African culture.
(ix) It led to the rise of African nationalism in the country.
(x) Africans were confined to the reserves thereby creating room for European
settlement
(xi) Africans were exposed to deplorable working conditions which exposed them to
risks.
(xii) Exploitation of mineral resources/agricultural resources for the benefit of
colonial government at the expense of African development
(xiii) Africans were subjected to racial segregation
(xiv) Africans were subjected to poverty and suffering
Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)
24. (a) State three ways used by the nationalists in Ghana to fight for independence.
(3 marks)
(i) They formed political parties e.g. the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) and
the Convention Peoples Party (CPP)
(ii) They used boycotts/demonstrations/strikes/go-slows
(iii) They organized political rallies to mobilize mass support
(iv) They used newspapers to articulate their views
(v) They used Legislative Council
(vi) They composed songs/poems to attack colonialism
(vii) They used trade unions
(viii) They used the international for a
(ix) They sent petitions to the colonial government
Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)
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(b) Explain six challenges experienced by the nationalists during the liberation
struggle in Mozambique. (12
marks)
(i) Shortage of basic needs like food by African fighters especially at the initial
stages.
(ii) The Catholic Church threatened members who supported FRELIMO with ex-
communication.
(iii) Internal divisions due to ideological differences and selfish ambitions
among some of the nationalists.
(iv) The famine in the 1960 weakened peasant support for the liberation movement.
(v) The West European countries did not recognize the legitimacy of FRELIMO and
therefore FRELIMO had to turn to communist countries e.g. Russia and China.
(vi) The assassination of Mondlane proved to be a temporary setback.
(vii) In the beginning, ethnicity was a hindrance to the recruitment of the members.
(viii) The wide-spread illiteracy hindered the smooth running of the movement.
(ix) Competition from rival guerilla movement e.g. Revolutionary Committee of
Mozambique (COREMO) which broke away from FRELIMO.
(x) The Portuguese adopted cruel relationships against FRELIMO sympathizers.
(xi) Support from South Africa, another racist regime gave the Portuguese in
Mozambique added strength.
(xii) Portugal outlawed political movements in the country.
(xiii) They lacked adequate funds.
(xiv) Fleeing away of nationalists to other countries weakened the nationalist
activities.
Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)
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