Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.

E)
311/2
HISTORY & GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (25MKS) 1 x 1 = 1 mark

1. Identify two periods of history 8. What was the importance of Odwira Festival in
- Pre-history ancient Kingdom of Asante
- History - It promoted unity of people
2 x 1 = 2 marks - It brought kings together to pledge loyalty to
2. Give two reasons why the earliest mammals the Asantehene
lived on the trees - It provided an opportunity for the kings to
- there was adequate supply of food on trees settle disputes
such as leaves and bird’s eggs - It provided an opportunity for the Kings to
- there was enough security on trees honour the dead
2 x 1 = 2 marks 2 x 1 = 2 marks
3. Name the historical period that is associated 9. State one type of democracy
with domestication of animals and crops by - Pure/direct democracy
early human beings - Indirect/ representative democracy
- New stone Age Period/ Neolithic period - Constitutional/ liberal democracy
1 x 1 = 1 mark 1 x 1 = 1 mark
4. State one factor that necessitated the exchange 10. State two ways through which the European
of trade items between the early communities maintained peace among themselves during the
- Production of surplus/ excess partition of Africa
- Specialization of basketry, leather works, - By signing treaties among themselves/
pottery agreements
- Desire to satisfy various human wants/ needs - By organizing the Berlin Conference to lay
e.g. clothes down the guiding principles of the partition/
- Environmental differences i.e. pastoralism recognized spheres of influence
hunting 2 x 1 = 2 marks
1 x 1 = 1 mark 11. State two factors which undermined company
5. Give one limitation of using cell phones rule in Africa
- Easily stolen due to their small size - Poor/inadequate transport and communication
- Poor reception systems
- Depend on electricity - Inadequate capital/funds necessary for
- Have got harmful side effects effective administration
1 x 1 = 1 mark - Company officials lacked administrative skills
6. State two scientific discoveries during the and experience
nineteenth century which contributed to food - There were few company officials to
preservation administer large areas
- Discovery of food canning - Resistance by African communities
- Invention of pasteurization - Lack of coordination between company offices
- Invention of refrigeration in Europe and European agents in Africa
2 x 1 = 2 marks - Company officials did not understand local
7. Identify one function of Johannesburg as a languages/ language barrier
modern city in Africa 2 x 1 = 2 marks
- It is an administrative centre 12. Mention one type of Nationalism that existed in
- It is a recreational centre South Africa
- It is an educational centre - African Nationalism
- It is a religious centre - Afrikaner Nationalism
- It is a commercial centre - British Nationalism
- It is a financial centre 1 x 1 = 1 mark
- It is a transport and communication centre
The Examiner 1 SET 10
13. Identify two weapons that were used in the SECTION B
First World War (1914-1918) 18.
- Use of poison gas by the Germans a) Identify three distinct stages of evolution
- Use of aeroplanes to bomb camps in 1915 theory according to Charles Darwin’s theory
- Use of tanks by Britain by 1915 of evolution
2 x 1 = 2 marks - mutation
14. State one benefit of international relations - natural selection
today - isolation
- They promote economic growth through trade - adaption
- Developing countries get financial and 3 x 1 = 3 marks
technical assistance b) Describe the way of life of early human beings
- They enhance peace and security in the world during the Old Stone Age Period
- They promote understanding and unity - they made simple stone tools for domestic uses
- They encourage cultural exchange - they lived in small groups in order to assist
- They help in getting collective solutions to each other
world problems - to obtained their food through hunting and
1 x 1 = 1 mark gathering
15. Define the term “Pan African Movement” - they used simple hunting methods such as
A movement that aimed at uniting people of chasing wild animals and laying traps
African descent all over the world. - they ate raw food because fire had not been
1 x 1 = 1 mark discovered
16. Give two economic challenges which Tanzania - they had no specific dwelling places
has faced since independence - they sheltered from predators by climbing
- Economic hardships/ lack of finances for trees and hiding in caves
funding development programs - they wore no clothing but their hairy bodies
- Frequent drought/ famine which cause kept them warm
suffering to the people and eat into the weak - they lived near rivers and lakes
economy/ harsh climate conditions - they communicated by use of gestures and
- Poor transport and communication network whistling
within the country 6 x 2 = 12 marks
- Corruption and inefficiency in running of state
corporations which has led to low production 19.
- Devaluation of currency a) Give three impacts of scientific inventions on
- The collapse of the East African Community agriculture
in 1977 denied her a large common market - mechanization of farming has created
- High rate of unemployment has led to unemployment
widespread poverty amongst the people - consumption of chemically treated foods can
- Over reliance on primary commodities which be health hazard
are prone to price fluctuation leads to lower - pesticide and fertilizers are expensive and
foreign earnings. toxic
2 x 1 = 2 marks - fertilizers degrade the soil
17. Name one house in the Indian parliament - biotechnology is threatening traditional crops
- Lower House called Lok Sabha 3 x 1 = 3 marks
- Upper House Called Rajya Sabha b) Outline six benefits that human beings got
1 x 1 = 1 mark from the domestication of animals
- Domesticated animals provided regular food
supply in the form of meat and milk
- Animals skins were used for clothing and
bedding, among other purposes.
- The hooves and horns of the animals were
used as containers and as drinking vessels/ the

The Examiner 2 SET 10

 horn was also used as a communication - Africans had inferior weapons
instrument - German soldiers were well trained
- Animals bones were used to make a variety of - Disunity among Africans
products, e.g. Ornaments, needles and - Africans were weakened by famine that made
weapons them withdraw from war
- Some of the domesticated animals such as - Magic water failed to protect the Africans
camels, horse and donkeys were used for from German Bullets
transport. Thus, people could travel longer - Capture and execution of African leaders
distances faster and with heavier loads demonized the fighters
- Other domesticated animals such as oxen and - German administrators received reinforcement
the donkey were used in ploughing land during which strengthened them
cultivation, thus, crop yields increased - Powerful communities who had been defeated
- The dog, apart from being man’s friend, by Germans before did not join the war.
protected him against dangerous animals - Africans were not well organized in the fight
- Some of the domesticated animals produced 3 x 1 = 3 marks
manure which greatly improved agricultural b) Explain six results of Lewanika’s collaboration
produce with the British
6 x 2 = 12 marks - Lozi got colonized by the British
20. - Lewanika gained recognition, though his
a) Identify three advantages of space exploration powers greatly reduced
- it enhances human understanding of the - Lewanika got protection from traditional
universe enemies
- it has led to development of advanced air - Europeans used lewanika to exert authority
defense system over other African societies
- it has enhanced effective mapping and - Lozi benefited from missionary work
surveillance - Lozi were subjected to economic exploitation
- it has encouraged space tourism such as land alienation
- it has facilitated scientific and technical - Trade increased between the Lozi and
development Europeans
3 x 1 = 3 marks 6 x 2 = 12 marks
b) Explain six economic effects of modern road
transport SECTION C
- Roads have promoted trade within and 22.
between countries a) Give five organs of the Economic community
- Development of Urban centres has occurred of west African States ECOWAS (5mks)
along the roads - There is the authority of heads of States and
- Roads earn the government foreign exchange Heads of Governments
- Creation of employment opportunities in - The Tribunal
motor vehicle industry, construction and road - Executive Secretariat
maintenance - Specialized Commission
- It has facilitated transportation of raw - Council of Ministers
materials to factories and finished products to 5 x 1 = 5 marks
the markets b) What are the achievements of Economic
- It has promoted tourism as tourists can stop community of West African State (ECOWAS)
and view the wildlife in game reserves and since its formation?
national parks - It has standardized education in the region by
- Movement of people from one part of the use of common examination syllabus
world to another has become faster and easier - It has fostered peace through its military wing
6 x 2 = 12 marks called ECOMOG
21. - It has promoted cultural exchange among the
a) Identify three reasons why Maji Maji rebellion member states
failed in 1907
The Examiner 3 SET 10
 - It has improved regional transport/
communication systems/ links
- Improved agriculture through sharing of 24.
technological know –how a) State five function of Supreme Court in USA
- It has facilitated free movement of people in - It interprets the constitution of USA/ federal
the region government
- There is an increase in job opportunities in the - It handles cases involving ambassadors
region - It monitors the president’s actions
- It has promoted spirit of togetherness - It resolves presidential election disputes.
- Promoted mutual co-operation 5 x 1 = 5 marks
- It has promoted interregional trade within the b) Explain five functions of the British Monarchy
region - she is the ceremonial head of state
5 x 2 = 10 marks - she gives the opening speech in the
23. parliamentary sessions
a) Identify five demands that were made by - she assents bill to laws
Serbia after the assassination of Archduke - she appoints judges
Ferdinand and his wife Sophie at Sarajevo in - she manages foreign policy and enacting
1914 treaties
- An explanation for the assassination of - she appoints and removes government officers
Archduke and his wife - she appoints Bishops and Arch- Bishops to the
- Apologies to Australia – Hungary Anglican Church
- suppression of all anti-Austrian publications - she invites leaders of the winning party to
and organizations form the government
- Participations of Austrian officials in the - she heads the commonwealth of Nations
inquiry, including the institution of judicial - she is the commander-in-chief of the armed
proceedings against those who committed the forces
crime 5 x 2 = 10 marks
- Austrian police be allowed to enter Serbia
territory to ensure that these demands were
fulfilled
5 x 1 = 5 marks
b) Explain five political effects of the Second
World War ( 1939-1945)
- Germany was partitioned between USA and
USSR i.e East and West
- USA and the USSR emerged as two super
powers replacing Britain and France
- Political changes in Europe occurred where
citizens lost confidence in existing
governments and started agitating for change
- Rise of nationalism took place in Asia and
Africa where people started fighting for
freedom
- Communist governments were established in
Eastern Europe e.g. in East Germany and
Poland
- The United Nation Organization was formed
to maintain world peace and security
- It led to growth of military technology among
the super powers
5 x 2 = 10 marks

The Examiner 4 SET 10