INTRODUCTION
Moving fluid, in natural or artificial systems, may exert forces on objects in contact with it. To
analyze fluid motion, a finite region of the fluid (control volume) is usually selected, and the
gross effects of the flow, such as its force or torque on an object, is determined by calculating
the net mass rate that flows into and out of the control volume. These forces can be
determined, as in solid mechanics, by the use of Newton’s second law, or by the momentum
equation. The force exerted by a jet of fluid on a flat or curve surface can be resolved by
applying the momentum equation. The study of these forces is essential to the study of fluid
mechanics and hydraulic machinery.
2. PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Engineers and designers use the momentum equation to accurately calculate the force that
moving fluid may exert on a solid body. For example, in hydropower plants, turbines are
utilized to generate electricity. Turbines rotate due to force exerted by one or more water jets
that are directed tangentially onto the turbine’s vanes or buckets. The impact of the water on
the vanes generates a torque on the wheel, causing it to rotate and to generate electricity.
3. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the reaction forces produced by the change in
momentum of a fluid flow when a jet of water strikes a flat plate or a curved surface, and to
compare the results from this experiment with the computed forces by applying the
momentum equation.
PROCEDURES :
1) Make sure that jet Apparatus is leveled, note the Jockey Weight, Diameter of Nozzle,
Height between Nozzle and plate and any note that required for calculation.
2) Put the flat surface to the jet instrument to make a flat surface against water jet.
3) Open the water valve and let the water to move throgh nozzle, move the jockey weight at a
specific point,note it and level the ruler line by using the water speed (valve open) until the
ruler line balanced as a horiznotal line.
4) For each times for changing the position of jockey weight note the volume and time of
amont of water To determine the dicharge (Q).
5) Then by repeating the procedure just changing the position of jockey weight on the ruler.
6) Then repeat the procedure with changing the flat surface to hemispherical surface to
calculate the force acting on the surface (plate).
Calculations and Results :
Note: ( D )=10 mm S=35 mm L=150 cm M =0.6 kg
A) For Flat Surface :
Example: If Volume ¿ 5<. Time ¿ 25.14 sec . y =0.01 m
The Jet Force can be calculated using the following formula :
Volume 5/1000 3
Q= = =0.0001989 m / sec
Time 25.14
¿
Details Table:
(L) Volume (sec) Time Y (m) Q ( m3 /sec ) V out (m/s ) V in (m/ s) F act (N ) F th (N )
5.000 25.140 0.010 0.0001989 2.534 2.866 0.392 0.570
5.000 16.460 0.020 0.0003038 3.870 7.144 0.785 2.170
5.000 13.520 0.030 0.0003698 4.711 10.754 1.177 3.977
5.000 11.380 0.050 0.0004394 5.597 15.320 1.962 6.731
5.000 9.540 0.070 0.0005241 6.677 21.945 2.747 11.501
B) For Hemispherical Surface:
Example: If Volume ¿ 5<. Time ¿ 26.53 sec . y=0.02 m
The Jet Force can be calculated using the following formula:
Volume 5/1000 3
Q= = =0.0001885 m /sec
Time 26.53
¿
(L) Volume (sec) Time Y (m) Q ( m3 /sec ) V out (m/s ) V in (m/ s) F act (N ) F th (N )
5.000 26.530 0.020 0.0001885 2.401 2.539 0.785 0.957
5.000 15.150 0.050 0.0003300 4.204 8.494 1.962 2.803
5.000 12.400 0.080 0.0004032 5.137 12.849 3.139 5.181
5.000 10.700 0.100 0.0004673 5.953 17.374 3.924 8.119
5.000 10.070 0.120 0.0004965 6.325 19.660 4.709 9.762
Discussion and Conclusion:
In this test we determine the force acting on the surface by an fluid jet and making
the ratio between the actual and theoretical Force, finally we got a result after
doing all procedure accurate which is the force in the flat and hemispherical
surface, as shown in our result that force acting on the hemispherical surface is
larger than that on flat surface with same amount of water, with increasing water
the jet of water at nozzle will be increase and make a large force on the plate
(Surface) and we found the linear equation of Actual and theoretical force.
In conclusion the purpose of this test is to determine the actual and theoretical
force on the two difference surface and compare actually with theory, and
compute the equation between it. Finally, we know that how test was doing and
how to compute the actual force using a nozzle.
