1 Define resistor and draw symbol of variable resistor.
Ans : Resistor: A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of
electrical current in an electronic circuit. Symbol of variable resistor
2 Give different types of IC.
Ans : 1. Analog IC 2. Digital IC 3. Thin and thick film ICs 4. Monolithic ICs 5. Hybrid or multichip ICs
3 State different types of electrical signal and draw all types of waveforms.
Ans : Types of electrical signals 1) Sine wave 2) Triangular wave 3) Square wave
4 Draw VI characteristics of PN junction diode and explain it.
Ans : V-I characteristics of PN junction diode:
Explanation:
Forward Bias:
If the external voltage applied on the silicon diode is less than 0.7 volts, the silicon diode
allows only a small negligible electric current.
When the external voltage applied on the silicon diode reaches 0.7 volts, the p-n junction
diode starts allowing large electric current through it.
At this point, a small increase in voltage increases the electric current rapidly.
The forward voltage at which the silicon diode starts allowing large electric current is called
cut-in voltage.
The cut-in voltage for silicon diode is approximately 0.7 volts.
Reverse Bias:
Due to thermal energy in crystal minority carriers are produced.
These minority carriers are the electrons and holes pushed towards P-N junction by the
negative terminal and positive terminal, respectively.
Due to the movement of minority carriers, a very little current flows, which is in nano
Ampere range (for silicon). This current is called as reverse saturation current.
When the reverse voltage is increased beyond the limit and the reverse current increases
drastically is called as reverse breakdown voltage.
Diode breakdown occurs by two mechanisms: Avalanche breakdown and Zener breakdown.
5 With the help of circuit diagram describe conversion of VG. Source to current source.
Ans : Any practical voltage source or simply a voltage source consists of an ideal voltage
source in series with an internal resistance or impedance. The voltage and current source are
mutually transferable i.e. voltage to current source and current to voltage source.
Figure represents a practical voltage source in series with the internal resistance r while
figure B represents a practical current source with parallel internal resistance r Therefore, for
any practical voltage source, if the ideal voltage be V and internal resistance be r, the voltage
source can be replaced by a current source I (i.e. v/r) with the internal resistance(r) in parallel
with the current source as shown
6 State the applications and specification of (i) Resistor (ii) Capacitor (iii)Inductor
Ans Application of resistor:
1.Resistors are used in high frequency instrument.
2.Resistor is used in power control circuit.
3.It is used in DC power supplies.
4.Resistors are used in filter circuit networks.
5.It is used in amplifiers, oscillators, telecommunication and digital multimeter.
6.It is used in wave generators.
Applications of capacitor:
1.Use for capacitors is energy storage.
2.Additional uses include power conditioning, signal coupling or decoupling, electronic
noise filtering, and remote sensing.
Applications of Inductors:
1.Filters
2.Sensors
Specifications of Resistor:
1.Temperature Coefficient.
2.Size or value of a resistor
3.Power Dissipation / wattage
4.Tolerance
5.Thermal Stability
6.Frequency Response.
7.Power De-rating.
8.Maximum Temperature.
9.Maximum Voltage.
Capacitor specifications:
1.Capacitance value
2.Tolerance
3.Working voltage
4.Dielectric
5.Working temperature
6.Temperature coefficient
Inductor Specification:
1.DC Resistance (DCR)
2.Maximum DC Current
3.Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
4.Magnetic Saturation Flux Density
5.Curie Temperature
7 Draw the symbol of inductor and capacitor. State the unit of inductor and capacitor.
Ans Symbol of Inductor:
Symbol of Capacitor:
Unit of Inductance : Henry OR H Unit of capacitance : farad OR F
8 State the two advantages and disadvantages of integrated circuits.
Advantages of Integrated circuits:
• Small in size due to the reduced device dimension.
• Low weight due to very small size.
• Low power requirement due to lower dimension and lower threshold power requirement.
• Low cost due to large-scale production.
• High reliability due to the absence of a solder joint.
• Increased speed
. • Easy replacement instead of repairing as it is economical.
• Higher yield, because of the batch fabrication. Disadvantages of Integrated circuits:
• IC resistors have a limited range.
• Generally inductors (L) cannot be formed using IC
. • ICs are delicate and cannot withstand rough handling
• Limited amount of power handling.
• Lack of flexibility.
• Higher value capacitors cannot be fabricated
9. Determine the value of capacitance with the following colour code. (i) Orange,
Orange, Blue (ii) Yellow, Violet, Yellow
Ans (i) Orange, Orange, Blue
Colour coding: Orange Orange Blue 3 3 6
Value of capacitor: 33 X 106 pF = 33 X 106 X 10-12 F = 33 X 10-6 F = 33µF
Yellow, Violet, Yellow
Yellow Violet Yellow 4 7 4
Value of capacitor : 47 X 104 pF = 470KpF OR = 47 X 104 X 10-12 F
= 47 X 10-8 F = 0.47µF
10 State the different types of resistors. State any four specifications of resistors.
Ans Different types of Resistors:-
Specifications of Resistor:-
Temperature Coefficient.
Size or value of a resistor
Power Dissipation / wattage
Tolerance
Thermal Stability
Frequency Response.
Power De-rating.
Maximum Temperature.
Maximum Voltage.
11 Solve the following: (i) In the waveform shown in fig (1), state its amplitude, frequency,
phase and wavelength.
1v
2msec
From given figure,
1. Amplitude = Vm = 4V
2. Frequency (f) = 1/T =𝟏 /𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 −𝟑 =500Hz
3. Phase: =0
4. Wavelength λ = Vc/f =(3*10 ^8 )/500 = 6 x 105m
(ii) Define: amplitude and frequency
Amplitude: The maximum value (positive or negative) attained by an alternating quantity is
called its amplitude or peak value. The amplitude of an alternating voltage or current is
designated by Vm or Im.
Frequency: The number of cycles that occurs in one second is called the frequency (f) of the
alternating quantity. It is measured in cycles/ sec or Hertz(Hz)
12 List the types of signals.
Ans Types of signals: 1. Analog signal 2. Digital signal 3. AC signal 4. DC signal 5.
Sinusoidal signal 6. Triangular signal 7. Square signal
13 State the advantages of integrated circuits over circuits with discrete components.
Ans Advantages of Integrated circuits:
• Small in size due to the reduced device dimension
• Low weight due to very small size.
• Low power requirement due to lower dimension and lower threshold power requirement.
• Low cost due to large-scale production.
• High reliability due to the absence of a solder joint.
• Increased response time and speed.
• Easy replacement instead of repairing as it is economical
. • Higher yield, because of the batch fabrication.
14 Determine the value of resistance with the following colour code: (i) Red, Red,
Orange, Gold (ii) Brown, Black, Black, Silver
Ans (i) Red, Red, Orange, Gold
Red Red Orange Gold 2 2 x 1000 ± 5% = 22 x 1000± 5% Value of resistor is OR
(ii) Brown, Black, Black, Silver Brown Black Black Silver 1 0 x 1 ±10% = 10 x 1 ± 10%
Value of resistor is 4M Each bit 2M 22 KΩ ± 5% 22000Ω ± 5% 10 Ω ± 10%
15 What is meant by forward and backward bias in pn junction?
16 what is meant by doping
Ans The conductivity of metal is increased by adding an appropriate amount of suitable
impurity. This process is known as doping.
It can be performed with an impurity that is electron-rich or electron-deficient than the
intrinsic semiconductor silicon or germanium
17 write two application of PN diode?
Applications of P-N Junction Diode
P-N junction diode can be used as a photodiode as the diode is sensitive to the light when the
configuration of the diode is reverse-biased.
It can be used as a solar cell.
When the diode is forward-biased, it can be used in LED lighting applications.
It is used as rectifier in many electric circuits and as a voltage-controlled oscillator in varactors
18 Define active and passive components?
Ans An Active Component
An electric circuit element which can supply electric power to the circuit or power gain in
the circuit, is known as an active element or active component.Some common examples of
active circuit elements are energy sources (voltage sources or current sources), generators or
alternators, semiconductor devices such as transistors, photodiodes, etc.
The active elements are the circuit component which are entirely responsible for the flow of
electric current in the circuit.
A Passive Component
The circuit element which can only absorb electrical energy and dissipates it in the form of
heat or stores in either magnetic field or electric field is known as passive circuit
component or simply passive component.Therefore, a passive component cannot provide
electric power or power amplification in an electric circuit. Some common examples of
passive circuit components are resistor, inductor, capacitor and transformer, etc
19 what is potential value for silicon and germanium?
Ans The barrier potential of germanium is approximately 0.3 V, and of silicon is 0.7 V.
