Introduction to Emerging Technologies

Chapter 1. Introduction to Emerging Technologies

 Outlines
◼ Evolution of technologies
◼ Introduction to Industrial revolution
◼ Historical background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)
◼ Fourth industrial revolution (IR 4.0)
◼ Role of data for Emerging technologies
◼ Enabling devices and networks for emerging
technologies (programmable devices)
◼ Human to Machine Interaction
◼ Future trends in emerging technologies

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 Introduction to Emerging Technologies
◼ Emerging technology is a term generally used to describe a new
technology,
◼ but it may also refer to the continuing development of existing
technology; it can have slightly different meanings when used in
different areas, such as media, business, science, or education.
◼ The term commonly refers to technologies that are currently
developing
◼ Technological evolution is a theory of radical transformation of
society through technological development.

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Emerging technologies

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 What is the root word of technology and evolution?
◼ Technology: 1610s, "discourse or treatise on an art or
the arts," from Greek tekhnologia "systematic treatment
of an art, craft, or technique," originally referring to
grammar, from tekhno- (see techno-) + -logy.
◼ The meaning "science of the mechanical and industrial
arts" is first recorded in 1859.
◼ Evolution: evolution means the process of developing
by gradual changes. This noun is from Latin evolutio,
"an unrolling or opening," combined from the prefix e-,
"out," plus volvere, "to roll."

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 List of some currently available emerged technologies
◼ Artificial Intelligence
◼ Block chain
◼ Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
◼ Cloud Computing
◼ Angular and React
◼ DevOps
◼ Internet of Things (IoT)
◼ Intelligent Apps (I-Apps)
◼ Big Data
◼ Robotic Processor Automation (RPA)

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 Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)
◼ The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization
and innovation that took place during the late 1700s and early
1800s.
◼ An Industrial Revolution at its core occurs when a society shifts
from using tools to make products to use new sources of energy,
such as coal, to power machines in factories.
◼ The revolution started in England, with a series of innovations to
make labor more efficient and productive.
◼ The Industrial Revolution was a time when the manufacturing of
goods moved from small shops and homes to large factories.
◼ This shift brought about changes in culture as people moved
from rural areas to big cities in order to work.

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 Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)

◼ The American Industrial Revolution commonly

referred to as the Second Industrial Revolution
◼ Industries such as textile manufacturing, mining, glass
making, and agriculture all had undergone changes

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 Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)
Generally, the following industrial revolutions
fundamentally changed and transfer the world around us
into modern society.
◼ The steam engine,

◼ The age of science and mass production

◼ The rise of digital technology

◼ Smart and autonomous systems fueled by data

◼ machine learning.

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 The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
◼ Transportation:
◼ The Steam Engine
◼ The Railroad,
◼ The Diesel Engine
◼ The Airplane.
◼ Communication:
◼ The Telegraph.
◼ The Transatlantic Cable.
◼ The Phonograph.
◼ The Telephone.
◼ Industry:
◼ The Cotton Gin.
◼ The Sewing Machine.
◼ Electric Lights

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 Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)

◼ The industrial revolution began in Great Britain in the

late 1770s before spreading to the rest of Europe.
◼ The first European countries to be industrialized after
England were Belgium, France, and the German states.
◼ The final cause of the Industrial Revolution was the
effects created by the Agricultural Revolution.
◼ As previously stated, the Industrial Revolution began in
Britain in the 18th century due in part to an increase in
food production, which was the key outcome of the
Agricultural Revolution.

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 Types of industries
The are four types of industries
◼ The primary industry

◼ involves getting raw materials e.g. mining, farming, and

fishing.
◼ The secondary industry
◼ involves manufacturing e.g. making cars and steel.
◼ Tertiary industries
◼ provide a service e.g. teaching and nursing.
◼ The quaternary industry
◼ involves research and development industries e.g. IT.

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 Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)
◼ The Industrial Revolution (IR) is described as a transition to new
manufacturing processes.
◼ IR was first coined in the 1760s, during the time where this
revolution began. The transitions in the first IR included going
from hand production methods to machines, the increasing use of
steam power (see Figure 1.1), the development of machine tools
and the rise of the factory system.

Figure 1.1 steam engine

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 Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)
◼ The Second IR, also known as the Technological
Revolution, began somewhere in the 1870s.
◼ The advancements in IR 2.0 included the development
of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts and
widespread adoption of pre-existing technological
systems such as telegraph and railroad networks.
◼ This adoption allowed the vast movement of people
and ideas, enhancing communication. Moreover, new
technological systems were introduced, such as
electrical power (see Figure 1.2) and telephones.

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Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)

Figure 1.2 Electricity transmission line

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 Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)
◼ Then came the Third Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0).
◼ IR 3.0 introduced the transition from mechanical and
analog electronic technology to digital electronics
(see Figure 1.3) which began from the late 1950s.
◼ Due to the shift towards digitalization, IR 3.0 was given
the nickname, “Digital Revolution”.
◼ The core factor of this revolution is the mass
production and widespread use of digital logic circuits
and its derived technologies such as the computer, hand
phones and the Internet.

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Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)

Figure 1.3 High Tech Electronics

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 Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)
◼ Now, with advancements in various technologies such
as robotics, Internet of Things (IoT see Figure 1.4),
additive manufacturing and autonomous vehicles, the
term “Fourth Industrial Revolution” or IR 4.0 was
coined by Klaus Schwab, the founder and executive
chairman of World Economic Forum, in the year 2016.
◼ The technologies mentioned above are what you call –
cyber-physical systems.
◼ A cyber-physical system is a mechanism that is
controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms,
tightly integrated with the Internet and its users.

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 Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)

◼ One example that is being widely practiced in industries

today is the usage of Computer Numerical Control
(CNC) machines.
◼ These machines are operated by giving it instructions
using a computer. Another major breakthrough that is
associated with IR 4.0 is the adoption of Artificial
Intelligence (AI), where we can see it being
implemented into our smartphones.
◼ AI is also one of the main elements that give life to
Autonomous Vehicles and Automated Robots.

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Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)

Figure 1. 4 Anybody Connected device (ABCD)

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 1.2 Role of Data for Emerging Technologies
◼ Data is regarded as the new oil and strategic asset since
we are living in the age of big data, and drives or even
determines the future of science, technology, the
economy, and possibly everything in our world today
and tomorrow.
◼ Data have not only triggered tremendous hype and buzz
but more importantly, presents enormous challenges
that in turn bring incredible innovation and economic
opportunities.
◼ This reshaping and paradigm-shifting are driven not just
by data itself but all other aspects that could be created,
transformed, and/or adjusted by understanding,
exploring, and utilizing data. 21
 1.2 Role of Data for Emerging Technologies
◼ The preceding trend and its potential have triggered new
debate about data-intensive scientific discovery as an
emerging technology, the so-called “fourth industrial
revolution,” There is no doubt, nevertheless, that the
potential of data science and analytics to enable data-
driven theory, economy, and professional development
is increasingly being recognized.
◼ This involves not only core disciplines such as
computing, informatics, and statistics, but also the
broad-based fields of business, social science, and
health/medical science.

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 1.3 Enabling devices and network (Programmable devices)

◼ In the world of digital electronic systems, there are four basic

kinds of devices: memory, microprocessors, logic, and
networks.
◼ Memory devices store random information such as the contents
of a spreadsheet or database.
◼ Microprocessors execute software instructions to perform a
wide variety of tasks such as running a word processing
program or video game.
◼ Logic devices provide specific functions, including device-to-
device interfacing, data communication, signal processing, data
display, timing and control operations, and almost every other
function a system must perform.

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 1.3 Enabling devices and network (Programmable devices)

◼ The network is a collection of computers, servers,

mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other
devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of
data.
◼ An excellent example of a network is the Internet,
which connects millions of people all over the world
Programmable devices (see Figure 1.5) usually refer to
chips that incorporate field programmable logic devices
(FPGAs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLD)
and programmable logic devices (PLD).
◼ There are also devices that are the analog equivalent of
these called field-programmable analog arrays.
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1.3 Enabling devices and network (Programmable devices)

Figure 1.5 programmable device

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 Why is a computer referred to as a programmable device?

◼ Because what makes a computer a computer is that it

follows a set of instructions.
◼ Many electronic devices are computers that perform
only one operation, but they are still following
instructions that reside permanently in the unit.

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 List of some Programmable devices
◼ Achronix Speedster SPD60
◼ Actel’s
◼ Altera Stratix IV GT and Arria II GX
◼ Atmel’s AT91CAP7L
◼ Cypress Semiconductor’s programmable system-on-chip (PSoC) family
◼ Lattice Semiconductor’s ECP3
◼ Lime Microsystems’ LMS6002
◼ Silicon Blue Technologies
◼ Xilinx Virtex 6 and Spartan 6
◼ Xmos Semiconductor L series

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 List of some Programmable devices
◼ A full range of network-related equipment referred to as Service
Enabling Devices (SEDs), which can include:
◼ Traditional channel service unit (CSU) and data service unit

(DSU)
◼ Modems

◼ Routers

◼ Switches

◼ Conferencing equipment

◼ Network appliances (NIDs and SIDs)

◼ Hosting equipment and servers

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 1.4 Human to Machine Interaction
◼ Human-machine interaction (HMI) refers to the
communication and interaction between a human and a
machine via a user interface.
◼ Nowadays, natural user interfaces such as gestures have
gained increasing attention as they allow humans to
control machines through natural and intuitive
behaviors

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 What is interaction in human-computer interaction?

◼ HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how

people interact with computers and to what extent
computers are or are not developed for successful
interaction with human beings.
◼ As its name implies, HCI consists of three parts:
◼ the user,

◼ the computer itself, and

◼ ways they work together.

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 HCI (human-computer interaction)
How do users interact with computers?
◼ The user interacts directly with hardware for the human

input and output such as displays, e.g. through a

graphical user interface.
◼ The user interacts with the computer over this software

interface using the given input and output (I/O)

hardware

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 HCI (human-computer interaction)
How important is human-computer interaction?
◼ The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between

users and computers by making computers more user-

friendly and receptive to the user's needs.
◼ The main advantages of HCI are:-

◼ Simplicity
◼ Ease of deployment & operations
◼ Cost savings for smaller set-ups
◼ Reduce solution design time
◼ Integration complexity

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1.4.1 Disciplines Contributing to Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI)

◼ Cognitive psychology: Limitations, information processing,

performance prediction, cooperative working, and capabilities.
◼ Computer science: Including graphics, technology,
prototyping tools, user interface management systems.
◼ Linguistics.
◼ Engineering and design.
◼ Artificial intelligence.
◼ Human factors.

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 1.5 Future Trends in Emerging Technologies

Emerging technology trends in 2019

◼ 5G Networks
◼ Artificial Intelligence (AI)
◼ Autonomous Devices
◼ Blockchain
◼ Augmented Analytics
◼ Digital Twins
◼ Enhanced Edge Computing and
◼ Immersive Experiences in Smart Spaces

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