University of Algries 1 Academic year: 2024-2025
Faculty of Science Module: Mathematics 1
Department of Material Sciences L1 SM
TD2. Sets, Operations and applications
Exercise 1: (*)
We consider the following sets:
𝐴 = {1,2,5} ; 𝐵 = {{1,2}, 5}; 𝐶 = {{1,2,5}}; 𝐷 = {∅, 1,2,5}; 𝐸 = {5,2,1}
𝐹 = {{1,2}, {5}}; 𝐺 = {{1,2}, {5}, 5}; 𝐻 = {5, {1}, {2}}; 𝐼 = {0,1,2,3,4}; 𝐽 = {1,3,5,6}
1. Find the relation of equality or inclusion exists between these sets.
2. Find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, 𝐺 ∪ 𝐻, 𝐶𝐴𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 ∆ 𝐽.
Exercise 2 : Show that:
a. (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) ∪ 𝐴 = (𝐵 ∪ 𝐴) ∩ (𝐶 ∪ 𝐴).
b. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ ) = 𝐴. (*)
c. 𝐴 ∩ (𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵) = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵.
d. 𝐴 ∪ (𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵) = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵. (*)
e. (𝐵 ⊂ 𝐶) ⟹ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊂ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶).
Exercise 3 :
Let’s A and B two sets with: 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥 > 10} ; 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛}
1. Find: 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, 𝐶ℕ𝐴 , 𝐶ℕ𝐵 , 𝐶ℕ𝐴 ∩ 𝐶ℕ𝐵 , 𝐶ℕ𝐴 ∪ 𝐶ℕ𝐵 , 𝐶ℕ𝐴∩𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶ℕ𝐴∪𝐵
2. Which sets are equals?
Exercise 4:
1. In ℝ, we define the relation R with: ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 ℝ ∶ 𝑥𝑹𝑦 ⟺ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 = 1
a. Prove that the relation R is an equivalence relation.
2. The binary relation R in ℝ, defined by: ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 ℝ ∶ 𝑥𝑹𝑦 ⟺ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 .
a. Show that the relation R is an equivalence relation.
b. What is the equivalence class for the number x in ℝ?
1 1
3. We define in ℝ∗ , the relation R by: ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 ℝ∗ : 𝑥𝑹𝑦 ⟺ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 . (*)
a. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
b. What is the equivalence class for all 𝛼𝜖ℝ∗ .
c. Deduce the equivalence class of 2 (𝛼 = 2).
Important note : (*) Homeworks
(**) Exercise covered in the course.
Exercise 5:
1. Let R is a relation defined in ℕ∗ with: 𝑥𝑹𝑦 ⟺ ∃ 𝑛 𝜖 ℕ∗ , 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑦
a. Prove that R is an order relation.
b. Is it a total or partial order?
2. The relation R in ℝ is given by: ∀ (𝑥, 𝑦), (𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ ) 𝜖 ℝ2 : (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑹(𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ ) ⟺ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ≤ 𝑦 ′ . (*)
a. Show that R is an order relation.
b. Is it a total order?
Exercise 6: (**)
Let’s 𝑓 and 𝑔 two applications defined of ℝ in ℝ with:
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥2 +1
1. 𝑔 is it injective? Subjective?
2. Do we have 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓? Justify.
3. Decide whether each of statement is true or false:
𝑎) 𝑓({0}) = {5} ; 𝑏) 0 𝜖 𝑓 −1 ({5}); 𝑐) 𝑓 −1 (5) = 0; 𝑑) 𝑔−1 ({1}) = {0} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒) 𝑔−1 ({0}) = ∅
4. Find 𝑓([0,1]), 𝑓 −1 ([5,7]); 𝑓(ℝ); 𝑔([−4, −1]); 𝑔([−2, −1]) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔([−4, −1] ∩ [−2, −1]).
5. Find 𝑔−1 ([−4, −1]); 𝑔−1 ([0,4[) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔−1 ([1, +∞[).
Exercise 7:
𝑥
1. (Show that 𝑓 of ℝ in ] − 1,1[ defined by: 𝑓(𝑥) = is bejictive and find the reciprocal of 𝑓.
1+|𝑥|
1
2. Let ℎ of [0,1[ in [1, +∞[ defined by: ℎ(𝑥) =
√1−𝑥 2
a. Show that ℎ is an application and that it is bijective.
b. Defined the reciprocal application of ℎ.
Important note : (*) Homeworks
(**) Exercise covered in the course.
