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Chapter 4
Response of first order
transient circuit
Contents
• Introduction,
• Mathematical development of response equation Analysis techniques,
• Pulse response
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A first-order circuit is characterized by a
first-order differential equation.
Which is RC or RL
Introduction,
• DC analysis of a circuit only provides a description of Voltage and current at steady state behavior
• When the applied voltage or current changes at some time, say t0 a transient response is produced
that dies out over a period of time leaving a new steady state behavior
• The circuit’s differential equation must be used to determine complete voltage and current response
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Source Free RC circuit
• Apply KCL
The natural response of a circuit refers to the
behavior (in terms of voltages and
currents) of the circuit itself, with no external
sources of excitation
• The time constant of a circuit is the time
required for the response to decay by a factor
of 1/e or 36.8 percent of its initial value.
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Example
Example 2
• The switch in the circuit in Fig. bellow has been closed for a long time, and it is
opened at t = 0. Find v(t) for t ≥ 0. Calculate the initial energy stored in the
capacitor
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Soln
THE SOURCE-FREE RL CIRCUIT
• Applying KVL around the loop
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the voltage across the resistor as
Example
• In the circuit shown in Fig.bellow , find io, vo, and i for all time, assuming that the switch was open for a long
time.
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Soln
• For t < 0, the switch is open
For t > 0 the switch is closed: so that the voltage source is short
circuited.
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RC Circuit: Decay of Current
a R
q As charge q rises, the
b C current i will decay.
+
+
q = CV (1 − e− t / RC )
V i
C
- -
= ( CV − CVe − t / RC ) =
dq d CV − t / RC
i= e
dt dt RC
Current decay as a capacitor is V − t / RC
charged: i= e
R
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For RL Circuit
Mathematical development of response equation
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Chapter Five
Response of Second Order Transient
Circuits
Contents
• Introduction
• Circuits with second-order differential equations
• Types of Second-Order Responses
• Mathematical Development of Response Equation
• Example
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Introduction
• Transient Analysis refers to the study of circuit behavior during the time
period when a circuit transitions from one steady state to another.
• This typically occurs when a circuit is first energized or when there is a
sudden change in circuit conditions, such as switching events.
• Understanding transient responses is crucial because many real-world
circuits do not operate under purely steady-state conditions.
• Transient behavior can impact the performance, stability, and safety of
electrical systems.
• For example, during the startup of a motor or when a fault occurs in a
power system, the transient response determines how the system will
behave until it reaches a new equilibrium.
•A second-order circuit is characterized by a
second-order differential equation. It
consists of resistors and the equivalent of
two energy storage elements
•Response of second order circuit can
oscillate
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Second-Order Transient Circuits
• are electrical circuits that are
governed by second-order
differential equations.
• These equations arise from
the combination of inductors
and capacitors, which store
energy in magnetic and
electric fields, respectively.
• Characteristic Equation:
• where x(t) can represent
voltage or current in the
circuit.
Determining Deferential equation
1. Label parameters describing the energy storage
• Capacitor Voltage & Inductor Current
2. Use the voltage current relation to label capacitor
current ,, inductor voltage
3. Apply KVL, KCL , Ohm’s law to write “N” equation
and “N” unknown
4. Combine the equation to eliminate undesired
quantities
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Example: Write diff.Eqn. governing Vc(t)
• Step 1: label capacitor voltage and inductor current
• Step 2: use the voltage current relationship
𝑑𝑉𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑖𝐿 (𝑡)
𝐼𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑉𝐿 𝑡 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• Step 3: write the equation using KVL and KCL for the
two variables
𝑑𝑉 (𝑡)
KCL 𝐼𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑖𝐿 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑐 ---- eq 1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑖 (𝑡)
𝐾𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑅𝐶 𝑐 + 𝑉𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐿 𝐿 -----eq 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Substituting equation 1 in to eq 2 to eliminate 𝑖𝐿 𝑡
𝒅𝑽𝒄 (𝒕) 𝒅𝟐 𝑽𝒄 (𝒕))
𝑽𝒔 𝒕 = 𝑹𝑪 𝒅𝒕
+ 𝑽𝒄 𝒕 + 𝑳 𝒅𝟐𝒕
-----eq 3
Series RLC Circuit Overview
• Apply Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• Express Voltage Drops Across Each Component
• Resistor (R): Ohm's Law: VR=R⋅i(t)
• Inductor (L):
• Capacitor (C):
• Differentiate the Capacitor’s Voltage Equation to 𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑐 𝑡
• Double differentiate it
• Substitute into KVL:
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Example
• The switch in Fig. 5.1 has been closed for a long time. It is open at t= 0
. Find
Fig 5.1
A) The switch was open at t=0 . As the inductor current and the capacitor voltage cannot
change
abruptly
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• B)
Write the differential equation for
𝑖𝐿 𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
• Step 1
• Step 2 write KVL , KCL and
ohms law
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Standard Forms
• Governing equation of second order system can be written in the
form of
Solution of Second Order Differential
equation
• Is sum of homogeneous and particular solutions:
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Solution to Homogeneous (natural response)
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System response
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Example
• Find i(t) in the circuit in Fig. bellow. Assume that the circuit has reached steady state at t = 0-.
Solution
• Step 1: Find the initial value : For t < 0, the switch is closed , C is open and L will be
short circuited
• Where
i(0) is the initial current through the inductor and
v(0) is the initial voltage across the capacitor.
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• Step 2: construct the circuit for t> 0 and find the dumping ration and
natural frequence
• Step 3: obtain A1 and A2 using the initial conditions. At t = 0,
𝑖 0 = 𝑒 −9𝑥0 (𝐴1 cos(4.359 ∗ 0) + 𝐴2 sin(4.359 ∗ 0))
Write KVL for circuit at the instant of the switch is opened evaluate it
at t=0
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• Taking the derivative of the solution equation
• Substitute t=0 condition and A1= 1
The solution of i(t) becomes
For a parallel RLC circuit
• Only the damping ratio will be changed
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For a step response
• For t>0 there will be source which supply the circuit the solution to
capacitor voltage will be
• Solution to inductor current for parallel circuit
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