UNIT-1

PLANE CURVES AND FREEHAND SKETCHING

1. What is a Scale?
Scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as represented in a
drawing to the actual dimensions of the same element of the object itself.
a) Full size scale: In this type, the actual dimensions of the object are considered for
drawing it.
b) Reducing scale: In this type, the actual dimensions of the object are reduced by some
ratio.
c) Enlarging scale: In this type, the actual dimensions of the object are increased by some
ratio.

2. What is a representative fraction (R.F.)?

It is defined as the ratio of the measurement represented in the drawing to the actual
measurement of the object and is referred to as R.F.
Representative fraction = Length of the drawing ∕ Actual length of the object

3. In a drawing, 2mm represents 8m. What is its RF?

2/8 x 10-3 = 0.25 x 10-3 = 2.5 x 10-2

4. What is the function of a set square in engineering drawing?

A set square is used for drawing perpendicular and parallel lines. It has two arms, one of
which is usually a right angle.

5. Define a template and explain its role in engineering drawing.

A template is a pre-designed pattern or stencil used for drawing specific shapes or
symbols consistently.

6. What are the conic sections?

The sections obtained by the intersection of a right circular cone by a sectional (cutting)
plane in different positions relative to the axis of the cone are called conics or conic
sections.

7. What should be the position of the section plane for a right circular cone to get
the section as a) circle, b) ellipse c) parabola, d) Hyperbola, e) Rectangular
Hyperbola, f) Triangle?
a) When the section plane is parallel to the base and cuts all the generators.
b) When the section plane is inclined to the axis and cuts all the generators on one side of
the apex.
c) When the section plane is parallel to one of the generators
d) When the section plane cuts both the parts of a double cone on one side of the axis.
e) When the section plane is parallel to the axis (or perpendicular to the base) and cuts
both the parts of the double cone on one side of the axis.
f) If the section plane passing through the apex cuts the cone then the true shape of the
section is a triangle.

8. Define a conic. Explain focus, directrix, eccentricity, axis and vertex?

The conic may be defined as the locus of a point moving in a plane in such a way that the
ratio of its distances from a fixed point and a fixed straight line is always constant. The
fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line is called directrix. Eccentricity is defined
as follows.
Eccentricity = Distance of the point from the focus / distance of the point from the
directrix
The line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is called axis. The
point at which conic cuts its axis is called vertex.

9. What will be the eccentricity in case of a) ellipse, b) Parabola, c) Hyperbola e)

Rectangular Hyperbola
Eccentricity for ellipse is less than 1
Eccentricity for parabola is equal to 1
Eccentricity for hyperbola is greater than 1
Eccentricity for Rectangular Hyperbola is √ 2

10. What are the different methods to construct an ellipse?

1) Arcs of circles method.
2) Concentric circles method
3) Oblong method
4) Loop of thread method
5) Trammel method.

11. What are the different methods to construct a parabola?

1) Rectangle method
2) Tangent method.

12. Define Ellipse.

Ellipse is defined as a curve traced out by a point, moving in the same plane as and in such
a way that the sum of its distances from two fixed points is always the same.
13. Define Hyperbola
Hyperbola is defined as a curve traced out by a point, moving in the same plane as and in
such a way that the difference of its distances from two fixed points is always the same.

14. What is a rectangular hyperbola and what are the asymptotes?

It is a curve traced out by a point moving in such a way that the product of its distances
from two fixed lines at right angles to each other is a constant. The two fixed lines are
called asymptotes. Asymptotes are the tangents to the hyperbola at infinite distance. The
curve represents the boyle’s law (PV = constant) is an example for rectangular hyperbola

15. Explain the construction of a cycloid and its applications in engineering.

The cycloid is constructed by tracing a point on the rim of a rolling circle. Its
applications include designing gears and understanding the motion of particles.

16. Define Involute,

Involute is a curve traced by an end of a piece of thread when unwound from a circle or a
regular polygon.

17. State the applications of different curves:

Name of the curve Application
In arches, bridges, dams, monuments, man holes,
Ellipse glands and stuffing boxes.
Parabola Arches, bridges, sound reflectors, light reflectors.
Hyperbola Design of water channels.
Cycloidal curves Profile of teeth of gear wheels.
Involute Teeth of profile of gear wheels and in some of the cam.
Archimedian spiral Teeth profile of helical gears, profile of cams, threads and
chuck of a lathe.

18. Explain the use of the following types of lines in Engineering Drawing (a)
Dashed line, (b) hatching line, (c) Chain line (d) Staggered Line.
a) Dashed line: Hidden features of the object are shown by lines made up of short dashes
at approximately equal lengths at about 3mm spaced at equal distance of 1mm.
b) Hatching line: This is a continuous thin line. It is used for shading areas.
c) Chain lines: This is a continuous thin line. It is used for shading areas.
d) Staggered Line: When two hidden lines are very close then the alternate dash and
space should be alternated. This arrangement is called staggered line.
19. State the assumptions made in orthographic projection.
The assumptions are:
i) The observer views the object from a theoretically infinite distance.
ii) The rays of sight meet the principal planes orthogonally.

20. What is a Projection?

The figure or view formed by joining in correct sequence the points at which these lines
meet the plane, is called the projection of the object.

21. What is meant by an orthographic projection?

ORTHO means right angle and ORTHOGRAPHIC means right-angled drawing. When the
projectors are perpendicular to the plane on which the projection is obtained is known
orthographic projection. In orthographic projection the observer is imagined to look the
object at infinite distance.

22. Describe the layout of views in freehand sketching of multiple views from
pictorial views.
The layout involves arranging multiple orthographic views systematically, ensuring
front view, top view and the side views are collinear and parallel. Also the edges are
projects in collinear fashion.

23. What are reference planes or principal planes?

The two planes employed for the purpose of orthographic projections are called
reference planes or principal planes. Vertical plane (V.P.) and horizontal plane (H.P.) are
the reference or principal planes.

24. What is a profile plane?

The plane which is perpendicular to both the principle planes, is called profile plane

25. What is meant by projectors?

The lines drawn from the points on the contour of an object to the plane, which are
perpendicular to it, are called the projectors.

26. What are different Types of projections?

i) Pictorial Projection
a) Perspective projection
b) Isometric projection
c) Oblique projection.
ii) Orthographic projection
27. Describe about first-Angle projection method?
When the object is assumed to be placed in the first quadrant i.e. in front of VP and above
HP, and projected on the principal planes, the method is called first angle projection. In
this method, the object lies between the observer and the plane of projection, and the top
view is below XY line and the front view is above the XY line.

28. Describe about Third-Angle projection method?

When the object is assumed to be placed in the third quadrant i.e.behind VP and below
HP, and projected on the principal planes, the method is called third angle projection. In
this method, the plane of projection lies between the observer and the object. and the top
view is above XY line and the front view is below e the XY line.

29. What is ground line?

In third angle projection, the line for the ground is called the ground line (G.L.), which is
drawn parallel to XY and below the front view.
 UNIT-2
PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACE
1. Explain the process of projecting points in Orthographic Projection.
Points are projected onto the principal planes by dropping perpendiculars from the
object to the planes, creating corresponding points in the top, front, and side views.

2. Show the BIS symbol for first and third angle projection?

3. Show the relative positions of the views in first angle projection.

4. Show the relative position of view in third angle projection.

5. The top and front views of a point lie below XY. Name the quadrant in which the
point is situated?
Fourth Quadrant.

6. Define elevation, plane and end view.

Elevation- is always formed on the V.P when viewed from the front.
Plan of Top View- is always formed on the H.P when viewed from the Top.
End view- End view is made on the left or right of elevation depending whether its view is from
right or left on the object.
7. State the reason why second and fourth angle projection methods are not
adapted.
Both the top and front views obtained by second and fourth angle projection methods lie on one
side of the reference line. It will create confusion. Hence the second and fourth angle projection
methods are not adapted.

8. State any 3 methods of finding the true length and true inclinations of a line from
its projections.
i) Rotating line method ii) Rotating trapezoidal plane method iii) Auxiliary plane method.

9. True angles of inclination are lesser than the apparent angle of inclination.

10. What is an oblique line?

At straight line inclined to both HP and VP is called as Oblique line.

11. What is an apparent angle with reference to projection of straight lines?

The angles of inclination of the top and front views of a straight line inclined to both VP
and HP are called apparent angles of inclination. Apparent angles of inclination are
greater than the true angles of inclination.
12. Draw the projections of point in common reference line
1. P 35mm behind VP & 20mm below HP.
2. Q 40mm in front of VP & 30mm above HP.
3. R 50mm behind VP & 15mm above HP.
4. S 40mm below HP & in VP.
5. T 30mm in front VP &50mm below HP.
6. U 35mm behind VP &in HP.

13. In the projection of straight line, when the top view will have true length?
If the line is parallel to HP its top view will have its true length.

14. In the projection of straight line, when the front view will have true length?
If the line is parallel to VP its front view will have its true length.

15. Explain the concept of traces in projection of lines inclined to both planes.
Traces are the points where an inclined line intersects the principal planes. They are
used to project the line onto each plane, determining its true lengths and true inclinations.

16. What is a trace of a line?

The point of intersection of a line or extended part of line with a plane is called its trace
on that plane.
17. What is reference line?
The line at which the principal planes (HP and VP) intersect is termed as Reference line
and is represented by the letters XY.

18. When a straight line will not have traces?

When it is parallel to both HP and VP.

19. When a straight line will not have HT?

When a line is parallel to HP and inclined to VP,it will not have HT.
It has only VT.

20. When a straight line will not have VT?

When a line is parallel to VP and inclined to HP, it will not have VT.
It has only HT.

21. Define top view and front view.

Top view (plan) is the projection obtained on the horizontal plane. It is obtained by
looking at the object from directly above.
Front view (Elevation) is the projection obtained on the vertical plane. It is obtained by
looking at the object from a position directly in front.

22. Define side or profile view.

Side ( or profile) view is the projection obtained on the profile plane.

23. How to project a straight line?

The projections of a straight line can be drawn if the projections of the two points forming
the two ends of the straight line are shown. The line joining the top views of the two
points will give the top view of the straight line joining them. The front view of the line is
the line joining the front views of the two end points.

24. If front view of a line is a point, what will be its top view.
A line perpendicular to xy /reference line

25. Define an oblique plane

The planes, which are inclined to both reference planes, are called oblique plane.

26. What are regular and Irregular Planes?

A plane figure having equal sides is called a regular plane. A plane figure having unequal
sides is known as irregular plane.
27. What is a trace of a plane?
The line along which a plane meets the reference plane is called the trace of the plane
surface on that reference plane.

28. Define vertical trace of plane?

The line of meeting of a plane with the VP is called the vertical trace of the plane.

29. Define horizontal trace of a plane.

The line of meeting of a plane with the HP is called the horizontal trace of the plane.

30. When a plane has no HT?

When a plane is parallel to HP, it has no HT.

31. When a plane has no VT?

When a plane is parallel to VP, it has no VT.

32. Define AVP and AIP.

AVP: An auxiliary plane perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the VP is called auxiliary
vertical plane.
AIP: An auxiliary plane perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP is called auxiliary
inclined plane.

33. Explain the concept of true inclinations and their importance in Orthographic
Projection.
True inclinations refer to the actual angles formed by lines with the principal planes in
space. They are crucial in orthographic projection for accurately representing objects.

34. What is an auxiliary front view and auxiliary top view?

The projection obtained on an AVP is called auxiliary front view.
The projection obtained on an AIP is called auxiliary top view.

35. Advantage of change of reference line (auxiliary plane) method over change
of position method:
In change of position method re-production of a view accurately is likely to take
considerable time, especially when the solid has curved surfaces or too many edges and
corners. In such cases change of reference line (auxiliary plane) method is adopted as it
is easiest and more convenient method, which will take less time.
36. Define A Line In General. Also Define It From The Drawing Point Of View?
- A line is the shortest distance between two points.
- A line in drawing can be defined in a number of ways. It is defined by the location
of its two ends with respect to the principal planes of projections and its true
length.
- Location of its two ends with respect to the principal planes and the distance
between their projectors.
- One end is defined with respect to the principal planes of projections and its
inclination given with one of the principal plan along with true length

37. Define Line, Plane & Solid?

Line-Joining of shortest Distance B/W two points forms $A$ Line.
Plane-Any Surface In Different Shape Like Square, Circle, Triangle, Pentagon And
Hexagon With Negligible Or Least Thickness Is Called Plane. Two Principle Planes
Are Horizontal Plane \& Vertical Plane.
Solid-Any Shape Made Of Any Material Having Surface Area, Mass \& Volume Is A
Solid. Examples- Sphere, Cube, Cuboid, Prism, Pyramids \& Cones etc.

38. What Is The Trace Of A Line?

Trace of a line is the point where the line meets the plane on extending the line. If the line
is inclined to H.P., it will have a H.T., (horizontal trace).
If the line is inclined to V.P., it will have a V.T., (Vertical trace).
If the line lies in a horizontal plane, it will have a horizontal trace as a line itself.
If the line lies in a vertical plane, it will have a vertical trace as a line itself

39. What is the difference between true inclination of a line and apparent angles?
The angle which the true length of a line makes with HP or VP is true inclination. When a
line is inclined to both the planes, its projections are shorter than the true length and
inclined to xy at angles

40. What is the Difference in The Shape of Trace of a Line \& Trace of a Plane?
The Trace of a Line is a Point; Whereas the trace of a plane is a line.

41. What Are Auxiliary Planes? What Is The Use Of Auxiliary Planes?
Plane Perpendicular To Both The Principal Planes Is Called Auxiliary Plane. Side Views Of
The Objects Are Taken On It.

42. Name The Principal Planes Of Projection

 - The principal planes of projection are three:
- P-Vertical plane for a front view
- P-Horizontal plane for the top view of the object.
- P-Profile plane for left or right side view of an object. NOTE: All these planes (HP,
VP and PP) are at right angles to each other.

43. What Is The Most Important Type Of Problems On The Projections Of A

Straight Line?
There are two main types of problems on the projections of a straight line:
- The projections of a line are given. Find the true length and its true inclinations
with HP and VP.
- The true length and its true inclinations with HP and VP are given. Draw its
projections.