First Order Differential Equations

Week 2: September 09-13

 Bernoulli Differential Equation

A
first order
differential equation is called a Bernoulli
equation if it can be

the 't
written in
form at ) y blt ) y =
flt ) Tm ,
m to
,
I

that
Notice
if m o or , the
differential equation is linear
-
-
m = .

solve divide both sides ofthe equation by ym

To
,
we to
get
' ' '

alt
' m
that
'
my my
m
the
- - -

fit ) (y
-

) y + bit ) y = .

Observing ) = am )
-

y , suggests
' m

the leads
-

use
of change of function u =
y
.

Differentiating to

' m ' m
'

substituting
'
-

else Thus into

-

u = am ) y y
or y y =
Im u
-
.

Im 't
' m '
leads to
-

at ) fit 'm fit which

bet I act ) bit ) u ) is
y y =
,
u + =
,
, .

or
first order linear
differential equation ,
that we know how to solve .

'
' m
obtain
it
of
-

Making
'

get
-
m

Solving
we use u u we
,
u .
=
y ⇒
y
=
, y .
Example Y 't 2
ly = 41-52
solve the initial value problem { y @ , = ,

't sty
2

equation Multiplying by -12

'

at Bernoulli
get
is
y =
y a .

,
we

'

change of function
This ?
-12 -1 + It -13 = at .

suggests
the use
of the u=y

' '

!
'
'

Differentiating we
get u =3 -12 y ⇒ y y =
; u
substituting into

'
obtain
'
I 3
't
t get at else
at
j
+2 we u 6 t 12T
y u u
=
or
y y
= u + = .

order linear normal

This is a
first in
form .
Its
integrating factors are

tou
16 't
est '
the and leads
Selecting
" ' '

given by ±
sign
c=o
e = I a
.

est?
to the
simplest integrating factor µ =

Multiplying u 't Gt u = 12T

by µ =
est ! we
get e3t{
't u Gtu ) = 12 test ! which

' '
'

(est est
is
equivalent to u ) = let .

Integrating leads to
 :c
2

est !
I t@
ug '
it =
I ist est 'll .

⇒ .
-
2e
't
⇒ u = 2 + c e-
3T

@
'
"
To back to recall that u=
'
⇒ u "3= c e-
3T
)
go y , y y
= +

How to solve the initial value problem we select the constant c so

that
,

"

Y G) =3 ⇐ &
E)
t C 3=3 ⇐ 2 -1C = 27 ⇒
C = 25 . Hence

31-2 43
Y
=
( 2+25 e-
)
 "
differential equation
'
Example solve the ty t
y =
y
-

"
Bernoulli both sides
This is a
equation with m= 3k .

Dividing by y ,
we

'
-312 ' " k
get y
t I = t This the
change of function u I
-

y
- . - .

'
3k % ' '

Differentiating
-

get else
-

'
we u
L or
y su
=
y
=
y y
- -
.

suggests
,

'
312
'
k
substituting into else
'

get
-

t
y y
-

tf = t
,
we -
see -
tu = or

order
u 't
I tu = -

It .
This is a
first linear in normal
form .
Its

t.es#-dt
"
ett
"

integrating factors choosing the

"

sign
- '

are = ± .
t

"
and the constant c as zero
,
we
get
the
integrating factor µ=e±
"
Multiplying the
differential equation by peek ,
we can write

" 't "

et't :c
ett "
't etat? cet
( u
iz tu ) =
.

y t e u =
- ⇒ u = -
it
 Going
back to the
formula u =
-

It ,
we
get y
=

uh =
'

1-2,2
I -

( - I -
ice

'

Note When we divided the

original differential equation y
.
ty=ty%

-13k
implicitly

to
by ,
we assumed y .
This made us loose

the solution
y=o
.

Example
solve
differential equation
'
-14
the
y
-

!
test y =

"
solve
This is a Bernoulli
equation with m= 4 .
To
,
we divide
by y

'
3
53=1
4
to u=y- leads to
The
change of function
-

get y y -

test
.
.

'

354 y
'
4 '

substituting
' '

get
'

gu we
; 't
u ⇒ y test ,
= u
y u
-

= - - - =
,

'

tf first order
'
else This linear normal
or u il u =-3 .
is or in
form .
Its
integrating factors owe

'
Idt
'

et ellIt
't dt
et
tht Htc
't et
et ehrltlec et
'
= ± = + = ± = it e it , = I e

constant leads
and the to
integrating
"
be
"
the to the
selecting t
sign
zero
,

et 't tet
factor Now
multiplying have
t
µ
= t .
u
tf u = - 3
by Iu =
,
we

stet
'
et ( t et stet
( 't
tf
'
f- u u
) = -
⇒ u ) .
-
-

et
Integrating both and

parts
sides
using integration by
- 3 t

et stet dt ett et et
get 3T
t
we u = J -

= - 3 + c - 3

3TE t 3) et 3T -13 Et
t C t c
et
-

Hence u = = . o

t et t + s

To
go
back to
y ,
we make use of the
formula u = -
I?

" 43
"

)
t
(
(
'
thus
y = i =
i ) =

→ t +3 + cet
 First Order Separable Differential Equation

The
first order
differential equation called separable
'
Flt y , y ) = o is
, ,

it be
if
'
written the where
can in
form y =
gey ) .
htt )
,
get )
is

a
function of y only , and hit ) is a
function of t
only .
In other words
,
the

independent variable t and the

dependent variable
y
have been separated .

Example
which
of the
following differential equations is separable ?

ty 't 't
tf
2 '
1 . = o 2 .
t (y ti ) y y tutty ) = o

It
5ty2= It
'
'
EY
-

3 . cost ) y -
4 .

y + t -12 -1 t = o

'
equation
' '

Itf Itf
Rewrite '

qty
'
1 the as t ⇒
.
y = -
y = - = -

ly .

This shows that the differential equation is

separable .
2 .
We rewrite the
differential equation as

' ' tutty )

hefty )
Y
hefty )
I
t Htt ) ⇒
-1 y y
= = -
=
-
- . .

t this
.

tufty ) 't function of

Now since can be written as a
product of a y

and a
function of t
,
the
differential equation is not
separable .

' 5442T
-12=2 t
' ' 2
3 We have cost ) y 5 t ⇒ cost ) y s t get ⇒
y y
. - = + =

cost )

differential equation
'
Hence (5-12+2) and the is
y
=
-

cost )

separable .

It
et It '
-

EY e-
42+1) EY tet
' '
have -12+1=0 42+1)
-

4 axle t t ⇐
y + ⇐ y =
y =
. - - .

Hence the
differential equation is
separable .
To solve a
separable first order
differential equation such as

017
' '
rewrite and variable
y
=
ga ) htt )
, y as
separate the
y
ou -

variable
the
If
t to
get gly , dy
hits htt at
from .
=
g
⇒ =

both obtain
integrate sides I
'
Next
,
to
dy =
I hit ) out .

g ①

derivatives
Letting G ly ) and Hit ) be anti of ¥
and htt )
, respectively ,
,

where arbitrary constant

we
get G -4 ) = Htt ) + C
,
c is an .

'

If the function G has a

simple and
computable inverse I ,
then we solve

'

and obtain I ( c)
for
GH ) Htt C H t
t
y y
= =

If not
,
we leave the
general solution in
implicit form as

GH ) = Htt ) + C or else as GH ) -
Htt ) = C
 '
sink )
Example zy + = o

{
initial value -12
solve the
problem
yea , = 2

start the solution of 't Rewriting

we
by finding general 3
y singly = o .

'
that
'
shows
sing
!
)
the
equation
;
as 3 ⇒ sink ) it
-1 =
y =
-
-
.

, ,

It
'

!
into leads else
is
separable .

changing y date to = -

sing or

'
3
y dy = - sink ) at .

Integrating both sides we

get
'
Y3
Y = cost ) + C .
Hence
y = ( cost c)) +

To solve the initial value

problem we select the constant c so that
,

" "
3=2
3

y # ) = 2 ⇐ ( cos #C) t = 2 ⇐ ( - I + c) ⇐ -
Itc = 8 ⇒ C = 9

'
13
Thus y
=
( cost ) +9 )
 cosset )
'
Example '
sin It ) In ( y ) y
= o
y +

solve the initial value

problem
{ y @ ,
= ,

'
solution cosh
'
We start
by finding the
general of y sin C th t ) In ly ) y = o .

' ' '

cosh Henly ) sink )
Rewriting the
equation as
y
= -

y since ) ⇒
y
= -

ein , ,
.

Cos
'
Ct )
I

that it solve
we see is separable .
To
,
we
separate the variables :

II. = -

e !: ,
.

!
sins ,
⇒ -

EY
's
'
oh
,
=

III
? ,
ou .
and
integrate

't )
I
sin
to
get I -

KYL dy =

cos
2
It )
out .

The
first integral can be
computed by parts
In ly ) - I

-12
lentil
'
I 4,9 dy
-
=
.

-4 a dy
I I

lift
h '
I ; dy !
'
= =
t c T Y
+
s
-

, ,
,
 second
and the
integral can be
compute by writing

I neon , ,
at =
I to ,
.

siwftf ,
at =
I sett ) tan Holt = seats t c ,

It )
luff
sin
substituting back into
I -
dy =
I
cos
2
( t)
at
,
we
get

l solution of the
differential
'
H the
This
general
' + "
sect ) +
C is
=
.

equation . we leave it in this

form ,
because it is not
possible to

explicitly solve
for y .

To solve the initial value problem ,

we select the constant c so that

I +
lull )
(O ) )
Y = I ⇒ = see ( o
+
C
⇐ I = I t c ⇐ C

tf
' #
that solution of the
It
follows the
ivp is = seat )
 First Order Homogeneous Differential Equation

order
A
first differential equation is called
homogeneous , if it can be

the
expressed in
form '

y =
g ft )
where instance
g
is a
function of one variable .
For

'
with
y
= sin
fI ) is
homogeneous g
Ix ) = sin Cx )

¥I!f II
'
'
II;
'
with
y = = = is
homogeneous gas
-

-12+3 Ey 51-2 1-21 II -13

¥+5 ) ( ¥ ) 't 3 ¥+5
yl
t

2. 2
= = is
homogeneous
IL!
2
it t2
y ( +
I ) (It ) t I

with * , +2+3×+5×2
g
=

+ I
 '
solve the
differential equation ¥) proceed
g (
To
homogeneous y
=

as
follows .

' '
• set u =

¥ ,
solve
for y
to
get y
= tu and compute y = ut tu .

the
differential equation
'
substitute obtain
ft )
in to
y g
• =

'
shows that
'
u + tu =

g
@ I .

Rewriting it as u =
( gas - u
) ÷ ,

it is a
separable differential equation .

Solve
'
• u = ( ga
) - u ) te
to
get u = ult
,
c)

back
Go to the
formula f
'

•
y by using u =
.
 '
they
differential equation
'
Example solve the y
=

t y

't? '¥ )
I
'
" l

?¥7
' tl 't ) ' t
¥ )
Rewriting
the equation as
y
= = =
,
we
recognize
t

'

separable equation
'
solve set
¥
a To we u tu tu
.

,
=
⇒ y
= ⇒ y = ut .

variables
+242 +242
⇒
'
I I
substitute ' '
tu
to
get
I
Next we u + tu = tu =
. u ,
,
U U U

'

separable
' the

separating
'

equation the
I
Hence u = - .
This is a .

u t

we
successively write
If =
Huh? I U
du =
'

e
ott or else
.

U2 -11

lnlt )
'

Integrating both sides In ( u 't

uff ? )
du at
= .

,
we
get , = + c

or else

II
u 2+1 C
In tutti ) htt )
'
he
u
- = c ⇒ = c ⇒ - e
2
t

back to
by the
formula I to
get
'

How
,
we
go y using u=

-12
' '
42
"
I '
y2+t2=
'
= e ⇒
t.at = e ⇒ e t
 ' "

Renaming
e
as c > o
,
we
get -12+1-2 = Ct

Ey 't -12+4
'

= 2 t t I -

Example solve the initial value problem { ya , = ,

'

We start
by finding the
general solution
of the
differential equation .

solving for y ,

f!
'
have
47
This
homogeneous equation Setting If have
'

we 2 is a u we
y = + + . . =
,
.

2
' ' '
y = tu and
y = ut tu .

substituting into y = at
+41¥ ) ,
we
get
'
't UH 4+2
I
'
uttu = 2 t u 4 u or else u = .
This is a
separable equation .

variables
separating the ,
we write

du 42+34+2 I
du '
dt
= ⇒ =

at t us ,→u+ , e

Integrating both sides

,
leads to

=/ 1)edt ) hilt
'
du du
!zu+ ⇐ = I + c
,
us , ( Ut 1) 14+2 )
To compute the u -

integral ,
we use partial fraction decomposition to write

I
turn and
= t
uB+z ⇒ I = Alu 's ) t Bluth .

Setting in u= -
I u= -
2
,
µ+,cu+2
, , ,

'
leads to Thus and
! !
17=1 and 13=-1 .
= -

( Uti ) C 4+2 ) u , u ,

duluth lulu In
) * ,iu+z , ,
du = -
-121+4 =
I LILI t Cz .

It
follows

h
fat's 1+5=414+9 ⇒
.gs/=k-s/eYu!,/=ek
lutein ⇒
'⇒
II ,
-
-
tek c

back to write
Going y ,
we can

t
I Y t
t
?
+

t y +
= c ⇒
t = c ⇒ = c ⇒ yet =
ctyt 2cL .

-12T eye ,
t
( I .
-12 ) y

?
2cL t
solving for select that
-

Now
get
c so
y y t )
we we I
Y - = .

, -

, - at

!!
37
'
3T
This leads to 1=2 Hence
4 t -

⇒ i c = 2C I ⇒ c=
Iz y
=
-

=
-
.

,
3- It
 Exact First Order Differential Equation

'
't
Beside the linear alt ) y bltly =
ft )
,
the
separable y =
g Cy ) htt )
,
the

" '
Bernoulli 't be )
felt ) and the
ah y y y homogeneous y g )
= =
,

differential equations ,
another
type of first
order
differential equation

solve
that we are able to is exact
equations .

What is an exact
differential equation ?

consider
differential equation
'
the Fl x
-1 ) o
,
,
y = .

Notice that we are

using
x as our
independent variable instead of t .

suppose ,
we rewrite our
differential equation in
differential form
as M I x
,
y ) dx +
N l x
,
-1 ) dy = O
Example
3

II differential form
'
write in
y
= .

'
To do that
,
we start
by changing y
into 09¥ to
get %
! =
347 ,
leads
cross
multiplying to ( x -

y ) dy =
13
x -

y ) dx or else

(y - 3 x
) dx + ( x -

y ) dy = o

that's not
Notice the
only way of writing the
equation in
differential
dy 3 x
Indeed could ok
form !
-

write
. we =
as
31 dy =

ol x ×
, × ,

which leads to the

differential form !
y ,
dx +
3h dy = o .

Because
of that
,
most
of the time the differential form
will be
given .
 De nition

The
differential equation Mcxii ) txt Nix
,
-1 ) dy = o is called exact in a

region D in the xy -

plane , if there exists a

function Gex ,
-1 ) that is

differentiable in D and
satisfies Gxlx ,
-
D= Mix
, 'D and Gy Hit ) -

-
NH
, 'D .

Gex i ) when it exists is called potential function of the

differential
-

,
a

equation .

Example
dx exact the
Is 2x t
3-1 dy = o in xy -

plane ?

In other words
,
is there or
function Glx , y ) such that G×lx ,
-1 ) = 2x & Gylx 7) ,
=3
-1
?

clearly Glx -1 ) = x2+ 32 -12 is such a

function .
Which shows that the
,
fi
differential equation is exact .
How can we tell whether the
differential equation Mix ,
-1 ) ol x t Nix , y ) dy = o

is exact in D not ? To the

question
region suppose
a or answer
,

exact let
MIX , y ) dx + Hlx
,
, ) dy = o is and Glx , y ) be a
potential function .

Gx l
xp ) = Mkii )
Then
I in D '

If we assume that Mix

, , ,
and Nexis have

Gy c ×
,
, , =
my , ,

continuous
first partial derivatives in D
,
then
differentiating the
first

equation with
respect to
y
and the second equation with
respect to ×
,
leads to

l ) and 7) Since and

Gxy x
,
-1 =
My Cx
,
T ) Gy× C x
,
y ) =
Nx Ix
,
.
My l x. y ) 14×4,7 )

are continuous in D
,
it
follows that both
Gxylx ,
y ) and
Gyxlxii ) are continuous

in D
, therefore equal .
As a result My ix. y ) = N
, ix. y ) in D .

This leads to the exactness test

following .
 Result

consider the
differential equation Mlxie ) dx t Nlxie ) dy -
- o
,
and
suppose

that both Mix

,
y , and Nlxii ) have continuous
first partial derivatives in a

holes
one .

piece with no
region
D in the
xy
-

plane .
Then

Mix , 7) dxt NIX , -1 ) dy = o is exact in D

if and
only if My It
,
-

D= N
, kid in D .

x
A-
piece with holes A
piece with holes
region two
one
region
-
no one -

convenient dx Holy
A
of setting up
the MHM ) NIX -

way
t =o
,

Try 2x
calculations when
checking a
differential
Mylx ,
-1 ) Nx l xn )
equation for exactness is to write
Example
dy exact the
Is
Cy3
- x ) dx + ( X -

y ) = o in
xy -

plane ?

Cy3×301×+4
-
-

y ) dy = o The two partials being equal in the

write
We
simply ay ax xy -

plane
,
the
differential equation
I exact the whole
I 1 is in
xy -
plane

Example
Is cosy ) dx + (ex - x 1)sin # dy =o exact in its domain ?

He use the exactness test and write

cosy )
dx + ( et - x ninth ) dy =o The two
partial derivatives are not

Try 2x
equal ,
it follows that the differential
-
sing ) I ex - sin equation is not -
exact in its domain .
Example

following differential equations

check exactness each
for of the

×
e'
'

dy
)dxt(×I+yz+
e-
It 104=0
dx
.

rina ) ) b
a
cosy I +
(y + o
(
-

yet
. .
-

+ ,
,

We use the exactness test .

derivatives
The partial being equal
in
it 01×+4
Erin 04=0
a . cos # - '

Try 2x
the ×
, .

plane ,
see
differential equation
-
e-
''

sin
I -
e-
×
sina ) is exact in the xy .

plane

b '

l I + yet ¥ )d×t , ⇒
get If ,
)dy=o The partial derivatives
being

a
, ax different ,
the
differential
± exact
fine III.2,5¥
not
equation
III
's
is .

I
-
-

,
, ,,
suppose
the
differential equation Mkii ) dxt Nlxii ) dy = o is exact in some

region
D in the xy
-

plane ,
i. e.
,
there exists a
differentiable function
Glx ) such that Mix , ) Gx I xp and Nix ) ) in D
,
> =
) ,
y =
Gy
C
xn .

Assuming that y =
y
is a solution of the
differential equation and
using

the chain rule write

,
we can
successively

MIX , y ) dx + Nix
, y ) dy = o ⇐ G , 4,7 ) dx t
Gy I xn ) dy = o

⇐ Gxlxie ) ¥ t
Gy I x
,
T)
¥ ,
= o

ol
⇐
( Glx
,
y ) ) = o

o, ,

⇒ Glx ,
-1 ) = C

where constant This leads to the result

c is a real .

following .
Result

consider the
differential equation M I xn ) ol xx Nix ,
y ) dy = o
,
where

MIX , , ) and Nix

,
y ) are
differentiable in a
region
D .

then solution
If the
differential equation is exact in D
,
its
general

is
given by
G ix. T ) = c
,
where a Cx
,
y ) is
any potential function

of the
differential equation

Example

exact the
previous example
From a we know that 2×01×+3 ol is in
y y
= o
,

xy -

plane and that Gex , , , = x 't

z
-
12 is a
potential function By .
the result
just

stated 't solution differential equation

'
,
x
z y
= c is the
general of the .
 MHM ) dxt Hk ,y ) dy exact D in the
plane
region
is in xy
Suppose o a -
=

its need to solve

To
find potential functions , say
Gkn ) ,
we the system

Gx Mkii )

\
Cx ,7 ) =

G , I xn ) = N ki )

•
One
way of solving
the
system is to
partial integrate the
first equation with

respect to x to
get J Gxlxiedx =
I Mkii ) dx

anti derivative have

Letting Mkii ) be an
of Mkii ) with respect to x
,
we

Gcxii ) = MIX ,7 ) t
KC -1 ) .
To determine KIT ) we substitute into the
,

second
equation Gylxii ) =
Nlxie )
,
to obtain
My Ix
,y ) t KID = Hlxii ) or else

K' 4) NIX ,7 ) Hence KNMyki ) ) dy

= -

My
C
xn ) .
KH ) =
Kii ) - and Glx ,y ) -
-
MHM ) t KIT )
 of course
,
we could partial integrate with
respect to
y
the second equation

to
get J Gylxie ) dy =
I Nlxie ) dy and Glx ,7 ) = Mkii ) + Lex ) ,
where

INK ,y ) is an anti derivative of Nlxii ) with

respect to y .
To determine Lex ,

substitute
we Glx
,
-1 ) = INK ,y ) + L into the
first equation 9×4,7 ) = Mkii )

to obtain I L' a
Maxie ) 4,7 ) Integrating
Cx ) M IN
+ = Lxii ) ⇐ = Mlxie ) -
, .

with
respect to x
,
we
get La =
I Lxii ) - IN xlxie ) ) dx and Glx ,
7) = IN Kil ) thx ) .

Example
Is the
differential equation ycoscx
-
Dd x + lytxcoslxy ) ) dy = o

the its solution

exact in xy -

plane ?
If so
find general .

y
cos Ky ) dx + ( y t x eoscxy ) ) dy = o

To check
for exactness we write
2x
,
Try

cos Ky) -
xysinlxy ) cos Ky ) -

xysinlxy )
The two
partial derivatives in the
plane the equation exact
being equal
is
xy .

,
.

I
Gx I x
,
7) =
y WSH )

To
find a
potential function GH.tl ,
we she the
system
ay , ,→ , =
, + nosey ,

Earthly integrating the

first equation with
respect to x
,

write determine
we can Glx
,y ) =
I y co sexy ) dx = nine x-D +
KC y ) .
To 14T )

substitute into the second equation to

Gy Cx , ) WSH )
get
we x
=
y +

X cos C
Xy ) t KH ) =
y + xcoslxy ) ⇒ KIT ) =
y
⇒ K (7) =
I -12-1 Ko where

constant
ko is an
arbitrary .
Hence Glx ,
y ) = sin Cxy ) +
L y
't Ko
gives
all

differential equation Taking

'
the potential functions of the . sincxy )
th y

solution
as a
potential ,
the
general is
given by
2

I
sin I x
y) + = C
y
 9×4,7 ) = MIX ,
y )

•
Another
way of solving the
system { I xn )
is to
partially
Gy = N Lxii ,

integrate the
first equation with
respect to x and the second equation with

respect to
y
This leads to the two
expressions of Glx y )

:
.

G I xn ) = IM 4,7 ) + KH ) and Glx ,7 ) IN Lx

) LK )
=
, +

where IM
ix. y ) is an anti derivative of Mix ,y ) with
respect to x
,
and INK
,
y ) is

anti derivative with

respect the two leads to
an
of Nix , y ) to
y .

Comparing expressions

Glx
, y) = MIX
,
y ) + any
term
of INK
, ) that is not
already in Mlk ,
> )

or else

Glx ,
y )
.
-
IN Ky ) + any
term
of May ) that is not
already in INK
,
, )
Example (4×372+2-1) d x + (2×47+2×+574) dy = o

solve the initial value problem

{ ya , = - 2

+2×+5-14 ) dy
"
(4×3-12+2 y ) d x + ( 2x
y
= o

start
we
by checking for

-15
ay 2x
→ t

exactness
8×3-1 2 8×3 2
+
y +

derivatives plane
The two
partial being equal ,
the equation is exact in the xy - .

the solution start

potential function
To
find general ,
we
by finding a Glx , )

the
by solving system
partial integrate t " '
4×3,2+2 y ) =/ ( 4×42+2-1 ) dx
w " ×
q
.

µ , Gk
.

, x
y 2x KC )
y
=
,
,
= + + y

{ Mwh 'd integrate t

=/ ( 2×4 y +2×+5-14 ) dy
"
't
" "
Y
2×4 +2×+5,4 G ( xp -12+2×7
.

gyu ;) =
y ) = x +
y
L

"
It
follows
that Glx
,
-

it = x -12+2×-1 t is a
potential function .
The
general solution of the differential equation is
given by
"

5×4
-2
Glx C or else x C
,y )
= =

To solve the initial value problem we select the constant c such that
,

Substituting x
-1111=-2
with and I
y
with
,
we
get

-12+2×7+-15
1. (4) +21111-2 ) -
32 = c ⇒ c = - 32 . Hence the solution

-12+2×-1 t
y = - 32

Example
differential equation felt
III,z
solve the 13 2x ) dxt ( Gxytxt £+1 ) 017=0
-
-

, ,

(3747+2×-12×+7,2)
dat ( ) dy
6×7
↳
txt o
solve
=

start
by checking
To we
, ,

exactness 2-1 2x
for × ' I

2x
by
It
-11
BY I
.

+ -

*ya
+ , ,
2
 partial derivatives the
plane exact
The two
being equal in
xy -

,
the
equation is

solution
in the whole xy -

plane .
To
find the
general ,
we need a
potential function .

-12+-1 2×-1
Gxlx 7) =3 + 2x -

{
,

(2+112
must
satisfy system clearly it
x
ayy , .
It the is

a
, by , =
bxytx t
×k+ ,

easier to
partially integrate the second equation with
respect to
y
than the
first with

with respect to x .

Integrating the second equation with respect to

y ,
we
get

Glx , 7) =/ (6×-1 txt

!
× , ,
) dy =
3×-14×-1 +

×
! , ,
+
Lix ) .

Substituting back into the

first

equation G , ix. y ) = 3 -

Pty t 2x -

III ,
leads to 3-12+7 -

(2×41,2+6)=3747+2×-1×1,2
, ,

Hence L' LA 't where constant that

Cx ) = 2x ⇒ = x Lo ,
Lo is a .
It
follows
' 2
Glxii ) = 3
xy +
xy +
Y
+
x is a
potential function and the
general solution of
+2+1
2
the
differential equation 3xyZxy
given by Iz
is Glxii ) = c or else + x t = C

,
 ?!
Example t h " " ) ok
txt
I-41104=0
the

I
t

solve the initial value problem

(y t 2x lulxy ) ) dx + ( x t
?I + lucy ) ) dy = o

Try 2x
exactness
we start
by checking for - , - ,

I
2x
24
I + I +
y

partial derivatives
The two
being equal in the
first quadrant ( x > o le T > o
)

the
equation is exact there .
To
find the
general solution we start
by finding

or
potential function Glx ,
, ) by solving the system

but
integrate w .
r .
t . x
xd lnlxy ) xd
Gxlxie ) =
y t 2x Xy ) s Glx ,
y ) = x
y + -

I + KH )

{
integrate
t

;
w
Y
xd lucy )
"

ylnly )
.

lucy
-

qycx ,
, , = × +
x
+ , > Glx y) =
xy + + -

y + 4×1
,

x'
Hence Glx ,
y ) =
xy + In Ky) -
12×2 + ylnfy ) -

y
and the
general solution is
 xedlnlxy ) xd duty
given by I ) C
xy t -
t y -

y = .

the solution of the initial value select the constant

To
find problem ,
we c so

that
ya , = I .

substituting I
for x and 1
for y ,
we
get
'
the solution

12
L Hence
1-t 0 -

+ o -
I = c ⇐ c = -

lncxy
'
In ) lucy )
Xy +
L x +
y y =
- -
-