TURBULENT MIXING 337

Chair of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

TUM School of Engineering and Design
Technical University of Munich

Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2005.37:329-356. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

by WIB6105 - Technische U. Muenchen on 03/23/12. For personal use only.
TURBULENT FLOWS
1. Introduction
Figure 2 Liquid-phase turbulent-jet symmetry-plane slices of passive scalar field. Grey
1.5 Transition scale (contrast-enhanced) codes jet-fluid mole fraction. Left: Re ≃ 2.5 × 103 , right: Re ≃
1.0 × 104 (Dimotakis et al. 1983).

origins must then be sought in the dynamics over the internal range of scales, i.e.,
for scales λ, such that λK ≪ λ ≪ δ.
The transition coincides with when energy spectra start to osculate an approxi-
mately −5/3 logarithmic slope with increasing Re, that may, in turn, be identified
with the emergence of an inertial inviscid range of eddies. This suggests that
the post-transition regime requires a sufficient scale separation to support quasi-
inviscid dynamics. Expanding on the H. Liepmann idea on the similarity between
the Taylor scale and the viscous-layer scale dependence on Re, we define the
Liepmann-Taylor scale, λLT , as a laminar scale,
λLT = 5.0 δ Re−1/2 , (13)

where the numerical prefactor corresponds to the thickness of an internal laminar

shear layer developing across the δ extent of the flow, as well as for a Blasius
boundary layer (Dimotakis 2000). Because viscous effects span from the outer
scale, δ, to λLT and influence inner scales below λν ≈ 50 λK , inviscid dynamics
PD Dr.-Ing. habil. Stefan Adami require, at a minimum, room for λ-size eddies such that,
λLT 1/4 4
δ > λLT > λ > λν > λK ⇒ ! 0.1 Re ! 1 ⇒ Re ! 10 , (14)
λν
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows in accord with observation. 1
 The keen Ish Instabilityoccurs
when two turdsare layered
inverselyto theirdensity

Amplification
Negativeimaginey wave
number it is leads to

11 1 11 a 1 Doping
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1.5 Transition 10 Nov 2004 13:11 AR AR235-FL37-13.tex AR235-FL37-13.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: IBD

REVIEW
Reynolds decomposition TURBULENT MIXING 337

)( *, , = )( *, , + )′( *, ,

Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2005.37:329-356. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

Turbulent mixing ↔ Molecular diffusion

by WIB6105 - Technische U. Muenchen on 03/23/12. For personal use only.

!! #&#$% /% & ' ##$%
= = = '(
!" #/& ' % Figure 2 Liquid-phase turbulent-jet symmetry-plane slices of passive scalar field. Grey
scale (contrast-enhanced) codes jet-fluid mole fraction. Left: Re ≃ 2.5 × 103 , right: Re ≃
1.0 × 104 (Dimotakis et al. 1983).

Homogeneity origins must then be sought in the dynamics over the internal range of scales, i.e.,
for scales λ, such that λK ≪ λ ≪ δ.
The transition coincides with when energy spectra start to osculate an approxi-
• Statistical quantities invariant under translation mately −5/3 logarithmic slope with increasing Re, that may, in turn, be identified
with the emergence of an inertial inviscid range of eddies. This suggests that
the post-transition regime requires a sufficient scale separation to support quasi-
inviscid dynamics. Expanding on the H. Liepmann idea on the similarity between
the Taylor scale and the viscous-layer scale dependence on Re, we define the

Isotropy
Liepmann-Taylor scale, λLT , as a laminar scale,
λLT = 5.0 δ Re−1/2 , (13)

• Statistical quantities invariant under reflection and rotation where the numerical prefactor corresponds to the thickness of an internal laminar
shear layer developing across the δ extent of the flow, as well as for a Blasius
boundary layer (Dimotakis 2000). Because viscous effects span from the outer
scale, δ, to λLT and influence inner scales below λν ≈ 50 λK , inviscid dynamics
require, at a minimum, room for λ-size eddies such that,

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows δ > λLT > λ > λν > λK ⇒
λLT
λν
! 0.1 Re
1/4 4
! 1 ⇒ Re ! 10 , (14) 5
1.5 Transition %!
REVIEW ' ,$ !" " + ', $ %"
+
Homogeneous isotropic turbulence " ! " + $, &
!!
• Invariant under reflection and rotation (isotropy)
• Invariant under translation (homogeneity)
z " ,$
%! !
"

#
",
# !! $

!+
• Taylor hypothesis %
"
!
• Two-point correlation gives complete statistical description of HIT y ! ", &
- Longitudinal x
- Lateral / transversal

• Integral lengthscale gives „a“ (!) characteristic measure of the

coherent structures.

• Taylor microscale is connected to turbulent dissipation.

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 6

1.5 Transition
REVIEW
Fourier transformation 1 ,
• Statistical averaging can be replaced with )/) (1, ,) = 6 )) *, , ( +(-·/ 7*
25 *
spatial averaging / filtering +,

(
1 " " 3 &
• Spectral kinetic energy ' ( = ,! ,! ( = ,#$% ( = . 0/ 1, ( 21
2 2 '

Dimensional analysis 8 = 9 :0 , ;, =̇

4
1 & 3
> 1@ 2
1@ > Ċ *
= 1@ &~ 4 &
? >* ?*
D5 6 >6

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 7

1.5 Transition
REVIEW
Kolmogorov hypothesis
• Stationary energy cascade
• Three regimes "
#
* $
- Energy-containing (=
+ 5,)
- Inertial subrange 34) = =1
"
6
- Dissipation range !% = +* $

Spectral energy transport

• „Wave-number triad“
!#$ !!"
• Transfer of energy between scales (from large to small)
# (!)
Π '
((!)
/ () >0
70(1, 1 0
: 1, ( + </ 1, ( − 1 & 0(1,
=Π / () !#$ !!" !
7( 34 +,' '
((!) 1 %
Toreimportantwas −
+- <0 − '
! ,(!)
/0
urgeseek
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 8
 1.5 Transition
LEARNING TARGETS

Linear stability analysis

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 9

1.5 Transition
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to turbulent flows
ü1. Statistical description
ü2. Isotropic turbulence
ü3. Kolmogorov hypothesis
ü4. Spectal energy transfer
5. Transition
6. Transport equation of turbulent flows

2. Canonical flows
1. Round jet
2. Turbulent channel flow
3. Turbulent boundary layer

3. Statistical turbulence modeling

1. Turbulent-viscosity hypothesis
2. Algebraic turbulence models
3. One- and Two-equation models
4. Wall modeling

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 10

1.5 Transition
LINEAR STABILITY THEORY 23& 23& 9 2;
Governing equation Bsp. + 3' =− +⋯
24 27' : 27&
„Recipe“
Reynolds decomposition Bsp. = 7, 4 = 3 7, 4 + =( (7, 4)

Perturbation equation
Tsa prison
Bsp. 2=′&
+⋯
(Substract governing equation) 24
Eg
Linearization of Bsp.
=′ ≪ 3
perturbation equation

Wave-mode Bsp.
A 7) B&(+,!- /," 0 1 2)
=′ 7, 4 = =

Eigenvalues

Interpretation of EVs Bsp.

stable ↔ unstable ↔ neutrally stable

Stability diagram

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 11

 1.5 Transition
FLUIDDYNAMICAL INSTABILITIES
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability (RMI)
U
GE
x3
GH
Φ E&
u’3
dünne
Trenn−
fläche leicht gestörte
x1
E4 > E&
~
Φ Trennfläche

~
• „baroclinic vorticity generation“
U

>? A
Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) = ⋯ + * CB×CE + ⋯
>& B

E& > E4
E4

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 12

1.5 Transition
FLUIDDYNAMICAL INSTABILITIES
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability

Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at Mt. Shasta, California, USA

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 13

1.5 Transition
KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY

-'
,
/

0('
-&
Perturbed interface

. .
/
,

gyam www
new m mean
Preliminaries
• Inviscid (approximately)
• Rotationless (Kelvin vortex theorem)
• Potential flow

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 14

1.5 Transition
KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 15

1.5 Transition
KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY
Governing equation
• Inviscid, incompressible momentum balance in x3-coordinate direction

!"1 !"1 1 !+ ! 3+
+ "2 =− =0
!# !&2 * !&1 !&4 3

Perturbation F(H+ ) 0
• Velocity component , = F + ,′ = 0 + 0
"
0 ,+ (H, , H+ , ()
Tmoreinterested
F, LüN H+ ≥ 0
F H+ = K
0, LüN H+ < 0

• Pressure Q = Q" + R

„Recipe“
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 16
1.5 Transition
KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY
Perturbation equation
connects
7 ,+" 7 ,+" "
7 ,+" 1 7Q"
+F + ,+ =−
7( 7 H, 7 H+ T 7H+
Eg
Linearization
Eater

7,+ " 7,+ " 1 7Q"

+F =−
7( 7H, T 7H+

Perturbation equation for pressure

7 & Q"
=0
7H/ &

Note, so far we consider the upper domain ". ≥ S

„Recipe“
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 17
1.5 Transition
REMEMBER: EULER‘S FORMULA
Perturbation ansatz or
nunin
gave
L J7 M
I′ J, K = I 8(9:9 ? ;:C + < =) L J7 M89:9 M8;:C M+8<=
I′ J, K = I

Complex wave number

• x1-coordinate direction U = U# + VU/
• x2-coordinate direction W = W# + VW/ 2 /5 3675-6 3685-* 395: 3;77-6 3;87-* 36;97:
-′ /, 1 = -
• Time X = X# + VX/

Remember:
• Harmonic oscillation y t = A ⋅ sin `( + a ↔ c ( = def g ⋅ 4 / 0123

• Euler‘s Formula 4 /4 = cos j + V ⋅ sin j

• Complex number z = x + iy ⇒ n = H& + c&
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 18
1.5 Transition
REMEMBER: EULER‘S FORMULA
4 = 4< + 54=
Wave mode
Complex wave number
L M89:
I′ J = I
partcorrespondsamplied
Red

NB < O NC = NB > O

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 19

 were
Red madeor
1.5 Transition 1mg
amputication

Tsperong
REMEMBER: EULER‘S FORMULA
Perturbation ansatz

L J7 M8(9:9? ;:C + < =)

I′ J, K = I L J7 M89:9 M8;:C M+8<=
I′ J, K = I

Temporal stability analysis U = U# W = W# X = X# + VX/

• Stable X/ < 0
• Unstable X/ > 0 ( (DD/E ( (ED/G ( +(FD" ( FF"
• Neutrally-stable X/ = 0

Spatial stability analysis (in x1-coordinate direction) U = U# + VU/ W = W# X = X#

• Stable U/ > 0
• Unstable U/ < 0 ( (DD/E ( +DF" ( (ED/G ( +(FD"
• Neutrally-stable U/ = 0

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 21

1.5 Transition
WHICH ANSATZ TO USE?

Boundary-layer instability states

Profile

Kelvin-Helmholtz instability

Liquid-sheet breakup

Rayleigh-Plateau instability
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 22
1.5 Transition
KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY
Normal mode for pressure
• Temporal stability +> = 6? &1 7 4(AB8 6 D E) U: real
X: complex

Differentiation
G?9 G:?9
• = 896? &1 7 4(AB8 6 D E) : = −9 36? &1 7 4(AB8 6 D E)
GB8 GB8
G?9 HI< B; 4(AB8 6 D E) G:?9 H:I< B;
• = 7 = 7 4(AB8 6 D E)
GB; HB; GB;: HB; :

Poisson equation
= 4 >5
• =?64
− U & L@ = 0 → L@ = '4 ±B?6 , ' = qrst(

QG = R( +D/H S' = T M8(9:9 + < =) M+9:I

QG
Note, so far we consider the upper domain " ≥S
= R( ±D/H . „Recipe“
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 23
1.5 Transition
KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY
Normal mode for velocity
• Temporal stability ,+" H+ = LC H+ 4 /(B?7 E F 1) U: real
X: complex

Insert into linearized momentum equation (using the result for E" )
'
1
U V& − X )* = + V H'
E
9 +′
"1> = 1
8*(9; − <)

V& ≠ X (!!!)
temporal
number
wave
Note, so far we consider the upper domain ". ≥ S
„Recipe“
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 24
1.5 Transition
KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY
Deformation of interface
• Perturbation of interface in H+ –coordinate direction
>ζ !ζ !ζ
= +; = "1>
># !# !&J
Normal mode for interface deformation
U: real "1> = 8@ 9; − < 2
@ = 6K 7 4(AB8 6 D E) X: complex
9 +′ L AM 6 D :
Remember: "1 > = 1 +> = −ζ 3
8*(9; − <) A

LD:
Lower domain ". < S : +> = ζ 4
A

„Recipe“
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 25
1.5 Transition
KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITYissue
Continuity / Bernoulli-equation
• Idential perturbation ," + in upper and lower domain
• Idential perturbation Q′
L AM 6 D :
+> = − ζ A
3
−(9; − <)3= < 3
LD:
+> = ζ 4
A
9; 9;
<J,3 = ±8
2 2
Phase velocity
• All wave numbers are unstable (inviscid)!
• Each perturbation has an unstable < 1 ±8
ENO = =;
eigen mode with exponential growth 9 2
• Remember: ,′+ = LC (H+ )4 /(B?7 E F 1)

„Recipe“
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 26
1.5 Transition
BOUNDARY-LAYER TRANSITION
Transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow

① Stable, laminar flow

② Primary instabilty:
„unstable Tollmien-Schlichting waves“

③ Secondary instability:
3-D waves and vortex formation (Λ-vortex)

④ Breakup of vortices

⑤ Turbulent spots Measuring with

key
⑥ (fully) Turbulent flow
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 27
1.5 Transition
PRIMARY INSTABILITY OF A BOUNDARY LAYER
&
Orr-Sommerfeld equation :
2& Ψ 2 & F, H+ 1 2&
&: := :
• Governing equations: Boundary layer F, H+ − q & −U Ψ − & Ψ & − U& Ψ
2H+ 2H+ VU34 2H+
• Linear stability analysis
• Stream function Ψ :
• See manuscript „Fluid Mechanics II“

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 28

1.5 Transition
PRIMARY INSTABILITY OF A BOUNDARY LAYER
&
Orr-Sommerfeld equation :
2& Ψ 2 & F, H+ 1 2&
&: := :
• Governing equations: Boundary layer F, H+ − q & −U Ψ − & Ψ & − U& Ψ
2H+ 2H+ VU34 2H+
• Linear stability analysis
• Stream function Ψ : re
• See manuscript „Fluid Mechanics II“

„Rayleigh-Inflection-Point“ theorem
• Necessary condition for inviscid instability of shear flows (34 → ∞)
Potentially unstable
x3 (inviscid)

Stable (inviscid)
Flow profile of a potentially unstable inviscid boundary layer
Flow profile of a stable, inviscid boundary layer
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows u(x3 )
29
1.5 Transition
PRIMARY INSTABILITY OF A BOUNDARY LAYER
Orr-Sommerfeld equation Wave number
• Governing equations: Boundary layer
• Linear stability analysis X#
• Stream function Ψ :
• See manuscript „Fluid Mechanics II“

Graphical solution of Orr-Sommerfeld equation

for a Blasius boundary layer

Reynolds number with

displacement thickness P&
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 30
1.5 Transition
PRIMARY INSTABILITY OF A BOUNDARY LAYER
Orr-Sommerfeld equation Wave number
• Governing equations: Boundary layer
• Linear stability analysis X#
• Stream function Ψ :
• See manuscript „Fluid Mechanics II“

Graphical solution of Orr-Sommerfeld equation

for a Blasius boundary layer

Boundary layers are unstable without inflection point for finite

Reynolds numbers

Reynolds number with

displacement thickness P&
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 31
1.5 Transition
PRIMARY INSTABILITY OF A BOUNDARY LAYER
Tollmien-Schlichting waves
• Dominating linear instability of laminar
boundary layer on flat wall without pressure gradient

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 32

1.5 Transition
SECONDARY INSTABILITY OF A BOUNDARY LAYER
Harmonic modes (Klebanof, 1962) Sub-harmonic modes (Herbert, 1983)

• „K-Type“ • „H-Type“

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 33

1.5 Transition
FUNDAMENTAL TRANSITION MECHANISM

TS-waves
Turbulent spots
(primary instability)
Laminar BL

8,

Receptivity
H-waves / subharmonic
(secundary instability)
Fully turbulent
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 35
1.5 Transition
TURBULENT SPOTS
Bypass transition
• Occurs when strong fluctuations are present in free stream
(at lower Reynolds numbers as compared to fundamental transition)

• Spontaneous „turbulent spots“

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 36

1.5 Transition BASE FLOW
Laminar, (quasi) stationary
OVERVIEW

INTERNAL INFLUENCE: EXTERNAL INFLUENCE:

§ Wall geometry § Boundary conditions
§ Roughness § Fluctuations in fluid states
§ Vibrations and fluctuations
INTERACTION + RECEPTIVITY

TRANSIENT GROWTH PRIMARY INSTABILITY: BYPASS:

§ algebraic growth of 3D § Linear stability analysis § strong fluctuations
disturbances (non-normal § Orr-Sommerfeld equation § Wall roughness
modes) § Tollmien-Schlichting wave § Large-scale disturbances of
base flow

SECONDARY INSTABILITY
C-Type, H-Type, K-Type
TURBULENCE
TERNARY INSTABILITY (?)
Spike events
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 37
1.5 Transition
FORCED TRANSITION BY „VORTEX GENERATORS“

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXwVyxorvno 38

1.5 Transition
eN METHOD FOR TRANSITION PREDICTION
Transition is strongly affected by…
• Laminar base flow
• Characteristics of disturbances (spectra, amplitude) • Reproducibility challenging
• Surface quality (roughness) • Exact modeling impossible
• Ambient conditions (turbulence intensity, inflow,…)

Prediction of transition is highly dependant on assumptions of initial conditions etc.

„Engineering solution“ → eN method for transition prediction

• Semi-empirical method for transition prediction
• Assumption: relatively simple boundary-layer flow (flat plate)
• Assumption: smooth surface
• Assumption: vanishing disturbances in far-field

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 39

1.5 Transition
eN METHOD FOR TRANSITION PREDICTION
Procedure
1. Calculate velocity profiles of boundary layer

2. Compute amplification of instability via Orr-Sommerfeld equation for each profile

LSA: )' = )/ I ( ((D/+F")

Spatial instability
X ∈ ℝ, V = V# + U V( ∈ ℂ

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 40

1.5 Transition
eN METHOD FOR TRANSITION PREDICTION
3. Downstream integration of perturbation amplification

Exercise …

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 41

1.5 Transition
eN METHOD FOR TRANSITION PREDICTION
4. Predict transition from envelope of amplification rates with empirical correlation

e
ln = f ≈ −8.43 − 2.4 ln(l))
eI
1 )( ' &
With turbulence intensity l) =
&, 3

Amplitudes of flat plate BL

Jaffe et al. (1970), AIAA Journal, Vol. 8, pp. 301-308

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 43

1.5 Transition
Wave mode
LEARNING TARGETS
Linear stability analysis

w x5JK 7 = 7) + ;7*
!′ " = !
Complex wave number
wx EJ8 K 5J9 K
!′ " = ! x
!" " = !
w xEJ8 K sin yL "

Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
• Temporal ansatz

7 4AHB8 7 4QHB: 7 64DHE 7 DIE

9; 9;
<J,3 = ±8
2 2
June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 44
1.5 Transition
LEARNING TARGETS
Transition
• Rayleigh-Inflection point theorem

• Fundamental mechanism

• eN method

June 6th, 2024 | 1. Introduction to turbulent flows 45