OASIS SAINIK SCHOOL

PHYSICS Investigatory Project XII

S.N. NAME PROJECT NO.
1 AAKSHAR Y. KUMAR SINGH 1
2 ADITI SINGH 2
3 AMAN CHOUBEY 1
4 ANSHIL KUMAR SHRIVASTAWA 4
5 ANUPAM SINGH 4
6 ARSHDEEP SINGH 2
7 AYUSH KUMAR 2
8 AYUSHI KHOKHAR 1
9 BHANU PRATAP 1
10 GARV KUMAR SHIRSHWAL 2
11 GAUTAM SINGH 1
12 GRISH SARMAL 4
13 HARSH SINGH 3
14 JAYDEEP 2
15 M.JEVIKA 2
16 MRADUL 4
17 PALWINDER SINGH 3
18 RAJAT RAJ 2
19 RIDDHI KESHARI 4
20 SAHIL SINGH 2
21 SHAURYA SHANDILYA 1
22 SIDDHI KESHARI 4
23 TANISHQ 1
24 TANISHQ SONKAR 2
25 UTKARSH KUMAR GAURAV 4
26 VANSH YADAV 4
27 YASH 1
28 YUVRAJ SINGH S 2
(1) To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of
a cell depends.
 (2) To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and
input voltage and (ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-designed transformer.
(3) To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil
depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with
a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable
frequency.
(4) To study the Earth's magnetic field using a compass needle -bar
magnet by plotting magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.

*Students can prepare project report on any one of the above topic as
Suggested by subject teacher.
*Individual report will be submitted by all the student.
*The front page will be printed on glossy paper.
 OASIS SAINIK SCHOOL
PHYSICS Investigatory Project XII
S.N. STUDENT NAME PROJECT NO.

1 ADITYA KUMAR 4
2 AKASH KUMAR 3
3 ANMOL BHADAURIYA 2
4 ARADHYA PAL 1
5 AYUSH CHAUBEY 3
6 DURVESH KUMAR 1
7 GURUDEEP 4
8 ISHU SAINI 3
9 PIYUSH KUMAR 2
10 SHASHWAT SHARMA 1
11 SHOURYA DEEP 2
12 UJJAWAL YADAV 3
13 VEDANSH RAWAT 4
14 VINAY YADAV 1

(1) To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of

a cell depends.
(2) To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and
input voltage and (ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-designed transformer.
(3) To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil
depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with
a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable
frequency.
(4) To study the Earth's magnetic field using a compass needle -bar
magnet by plotting magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.
*Students can prepare project report on any one of the
above topics as suggested by subject teacher.
*Individual report will be submitted by all the student.
*The front page will be printed on glossy paper.
 OASIS SAINIK
SCHOOL, KALIBANGAN
OASIS SAINIK SCHOOL,
KALIBANGAN

Session 2024-2025

Physics Investigatory Project Report

Topic: To study various factors on which internal

resistance/ EMF of cell depends

Submitted To - Submitted By-

MR.DEEPAK PANDEY XYZ

(Department of PHYSICS) CLASS XII A

 Certificate
This is to certify that _____________________student
of class XII, OASIS SAINIK SCHOOL, has completed
the project titled “_____________________________.”
During the academic year 2024-2025 towards partial
fulfilment of credit for the CBSE Physics practical
evaluation of AISSCE 2025, and submitted satisfactory
report as compiled in following pages, under my
supervision.

(………………………………) (………………………………)

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

(………………………………)

PRINCIPAL
 Acknowledgement
I_______________________________________would
like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics
mentor Mr. Deepak Pandey Sir for his vital support,
guidance and encouragement, without which this
project would not have come forth. I am also very
thankful to Principal Mr. Rakesh Singh Tomar Sir for his
valuable guidance, motivation and encouragement
during completion of project. I would also like to
gratitude to the staff of Department of Physics at Oasis
Sainik School for their support during the making of this
project.

Signature of Student
Date:
 INDEX
TOPICS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PRACTICAL ANALYSIS

• Objective • Apparatus • Theory • Circuit Diagram & Formulas•

Procedure • Result & Inferences • Precautions • Sources of error

3. FLOWCHART

4. CONCLUSION

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM
INTRODUCTION
 OASIS SAINIK SCHOOL

Name – XYZ

Class – XII A

Roll no. – 2024-2025

 CONTENT Page no.
CERTIFICATE 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
AIM OF PROJECT 3
INTRODUCTION 4-5
THEORY 6-11
OBSERVATION 12
CONCLUSION
13
APPLICATIONS OF EMI
14
PRECAUTIONS
15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
16
This is to certify that
_____________________student of class XII,
OASIS SAINIK SCHOOL, has completed the project
titled “_____________________________.” During
the academic year 2024-2025 towards partial
fulfillment of credit for the CBSE Physics practical
evaluation of AISSCE 2025, and submitted
satisfactory report as compiled in following pages,
under my supervision.
(………………………………) ………………………)
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

(………………………………)
PRINCIPAL
I_______________________________________would
like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor
Mr. Deepak Pandey Sir for his vital support, guidance
and encouragement, without which this project would
not have come forth. I am also very thankful to Principal
Mr. Rakesh Singh Tomar Sir for his valuable guidance,
motivation and encouragement during completion of
project. I would also like to gratitude to the staff of
Department of Physics at Oasis Sainik School for their
support during the making of this project.

DATE………… SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

.
Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced
by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off.

Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a
changing magnetic field is called induction.

Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage)
across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes molecules in
another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous
metals), or waves (in a radio transmi tter).

Finally it is refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when the magnetic
flux linking a conductor changes.

Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and the
area normal to the field through which the field is passing. It is a scalar quantity
and its S.I. unit is the weber (Wb).

φ = B A
Principle:
Electromagnetic induction (or someti mes just induction) is a process where a
conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a
stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage across the conductor.
This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current - it
is said to induce the current.
Invention:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831 though
it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around
1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a si milar discovery, but did not publish his findings
until later

Induced e.m.f.s :

If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be generated in the coil.
This effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825
and 1831. Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or by
(b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in some way. Note
that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.

For example, consider two coils as shown in Figure 1.

Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is connected to a battery and has
direct current flowing through it. Coil A is within the magnetic field produced by B
and an e.m.f. can be produced in A by moving the coils relative to each other or by
changing the size of the current in B. This can be done by using the rheostat R,
switching the current on or off, or (c) using an a.c. supply for B.

(An e.m.f. could also be produced in coil A by replacing coil B with a permanent magnet
and moving this relative to coil A.)

Representation:

Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage)

across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.

Working and Construction:

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a magnetic field because
the magnetic lines of force are applying a force on the free electrons in the
conductor and causing them to move. This process of generating current in a
conductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.
This is called induction because there is no physical connection between the
conductor and the magnet. The current is said to be induced in the conductor by the
magnetic field.
One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take place is that the
conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to the magnetic
lines of force in order to produce the maximum force on the free electrons. The
direction that the induced current flows is determined by the direction of the lines
of force and by the direction the wire is moving in the field. In the ani mationabove
the ammeter (the instrument used to measure current) indicates when there is
current in the conductor.
If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the electromagnetic field that is
produced is constantly growing and shrinking due to the constantly changing current
in the wire. This growing and shrinking magnetic field can induce electrical current
in another wire that is held close to the first wire. The current in the second wire
will also be AC and in fact will look very similar to the current flowing in the first
wire.

It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate the strength of the magnetic
field at the ends of the coil. Wrapping the coil around an iron bar will further
concentrate the magnetic field in the iron bar. The magnetic field will be strongest
inside the bar and at its ends (poles).
Lenz's Law:

When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law,

the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic
field opposes the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any
loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the
examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it.
If it is decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the applied field to try
to keep it constant.

Applications of electromagnetic Induction

Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative movement of a
circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical generators.
When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an
electromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through an electrical load,
current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting the mechanical
energy of motion to electrical energy
Electrical transformer
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for electrical transformers.
When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the changing current creates a
changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field will experience
this change in magnetic field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, d ΦB / d t.
Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second loop called the induced
EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected through an
electrical load, current will flow.
Magnetic flow meter:
Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of electrically conductive liquids and
slurries. Such instruments are called magnetic flow meters. The induced voltage ℇ
generated in the magnetic field B due to a conductive liquid moving at velocity v is
thus given by:

where ℓ is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic flow meter.

 Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and published by
Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century, describes a
very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has
many far-reaching ramifications
that touch our lives in many ways:
from the shining of the sun, to
the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to
power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact
Faraday’s Law has on us.
The principles of electromagnetic induction are
applied in many devices and systems, including:

• Electrical generators
• Induction motors
• Induction sealing
• Inductive charging
• Transformers
• Wireless energy transfer
 Keep yourself safe from high voltage.

Use & handle lab instruments with care.

Do not scratch insulated copper wire while

making loop.

Do not use digital voltmeter for above

demonstration .
• Wikipedia.com
• Google search engine
• Physics Ncert book for class XII