HOOK'S LAW

AIM:

TO ind the force constant of a helicalSpring byplotting a graph between load and extension.
Apparatus:
Spring, arigid support,a 50 g or 20g Hanger.six 50 g or 20 g Slotted weight, a vertical wooden
Scale, a fine pointer, a hook.
THEORY:
When a load Fis suspended from lower free end of a spring hanging from a rigid support, it
increases its length by amount l.
then,
Fal
F= KI

Where Kis constant of proportionality.

It is called the force constant or the spring constant of the spring.
From above if, Il=1, F =K
Hence, force constant of a spring may be defined as the force required to produce unit extension
in the spring.

PROCEDURE:

Suspend the spring from a rigid support. attach a pointer and a hook from its lower free
end.
Hang a 50 g hanger from the hook.
Set the vertical wooden scale such that the tip of the pointer comes over the divisions on
the scale but does not touch the scale.
Note the reading of the position of the tip of the finder on the scale. record it in loading
column against zero load.
Gentlyadd suitable load of 50g or 20g slotted weight to the hanger. the pointer tip moves
down.
Wait for few minutes till the point that it comes to. Repeat step 4
Repeat steps 5 and 6 till six slotted weighs have been added.
Nowremove one slotted weight. the pointer tip moves up. repeat the step 6. Record the
reading in unloading column.
Repeat step 8 tillonly hanger is left.
Record your observations as given below.

33
OBSERVATION:
Least count of vertical scale = 0.1cm.

S.no of the Load on hanger (W) = Reading of position of pointer trip

observation Applied force (F) (B Extension (1) (cm)
wt.)
Loading Unloading Mean
x (cm) y (cm) Z=x +y/2

Mean
RESULT:
The force constant of the given spring = gwt per cm.
PRECAUTIONS
Loading and unloading of weight must be done
gently.
Reading should be noted only when tip of the pointer
Pointer tip should not touch the scale surface. comes to rest.
Loading should not be beyond elastic limit.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
The support may not be rigid.
The slotted weights may not have correct
weight.
 VISCOSITY

AIM:

To determine the coefficient of viscosityof a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal
velocity of a given spherical body.
APPARATUS:

Cylindrical glass Jar half metre high, S cm broad and with millimeter graduations along its height,
transparent viscous liquid, steel balls of different radii, stopwatch, screw gauge, thermometer.
THEORY:

Terminal velocityy,
=
2 r²(p-o)g
9

F-rro-o)a
9

r-Radius of the spherical body

p-Density of the body
G - Density of the liquid
g - Acceleration due to gravity

B -Terminal velocity
PROCEDURE:
Find the least count of the staff watch.
i. Fill the glass jar with viscous liquid and note the least count of marks on it.
ii. Find and note the least count and zero error of the screw gauge.
iv. Determine mean radius of the ball.
V.
Drop the ballgently in the liquid. It falls down in the liquid with accelerated velocity
for about one - third of the height of liquid. Then, it falls with uniform terninal
velocity.
vi. Start the stop clock when the ballreaches someconvenient division (20cm) Note its
fall.
vii. Stop the stop clock just when the ball reaches lowest convenient divIsIon (45cm)
vii. Findand note the distance fallen and time taken by the bal!
iX. Repeat step iv & v two times more.
X. Note and record temperatureof the liquid
Record your observation as given ahead
TABLE:

Tirne taken by steel shot travel the distance between

paper marks (in sec) Velocity 'v
3. Noof
Observations (in cm/s)
Mean
t=ti +t/2

OBSERVATION:

least count of Stop watch

least count of readings on jar ..Cm

Least count of sCrew gauge Cm

Deosity of the ball (p) -g/cm

Density of the liquid (o) B/cm?

Distance betweenpaper marks I' = .cm

RESULT:
The coefficient of viscosity of the liquid at temperature °C= C.G.S. units.

PRECAUTIONS:
carefullyobserved.
Liquid should be transparent so that the motion of the ball can be
Ballshould be perfectly spherical.
Velocity should be noted only when it becomes constant.

SOURCES OFERROR:
The liquid may not have uniform density.
The ball may not be perfectly spherical.
Thenoted velocity may not beconstant.
 SONOMETER
AIM:

a) To study the relation between frequency and length of agiven wire under constant tension
using sonometer.
b) To study the relation between length of a given wire and tension for constant frequency using
Sonometer.

APPARATUS:

Sonometer, set of tuning forks, hangers and 500 g slotted weight,two-meter-longwire, screw
gauge etc.

THEORY:

For fundamental note, frequency is given by v = 2l

For a given string having constant m(mass per unit length)

(i) IfT and m are kept constant, then

va- .l=constant
(ii) If v and m are constant, then
1
x VT = constant IaT or l'a T

PROCEDURE (A):
Place the Sonometer on the table.
Put some weight in the hanger.
Place bridges Aand Bunder the string to include the maximum length between them.
Strike atuning fork on the rupper pad and bring it close to your here are to have a rough
Idea off its vibrations.
Pluck the wire from themiddle and let it vibrate. The frequency of the vibration must be
nearly the same as that of the tuning fork. If The frequencies are not the same, move the
bridges close to each other so that the conditions are obtained.
Put a Rider made of paper (inverted V) between the bridges on the string. Vibrate the
tuning fork and touch it on the sonometer board from its handle. If required move the
bridge closer until the paper Rider Falls. Note the length of the wire (length decreasing).
Repeat the above process again but this time bring the bridges very close to each other
and then move them apart (length increasing).
Take reading for different five tuning forks one by one and repeat above steps.
Note the observations in the table.

49
TABLE FOR FREQUENCY AND RESONANT
LENGTH:

Frequency of Resonant lenth " (in cm)

S.No tuning fork 'v vXI(in Hz. Cm)
(in Hz) while increasing while Mean = lË + h/
decreasing 'l2'
RESULT:
(i) From the graph, we conclude that
(ii) From the graph, we can saythatis constant.
PRECAUTIONS
Pulley should be frictionless.
Wire used should be kink less and of uniform cross-section.
Loading of wires should not be beyond elastic limit.
Tuning fork should be vibrated by striking its prongs against soft rupper pad.
Readingsfor length decreasing and increasing should be noted and their mean used in
calculations.
To transfer the vibrations of the tuning fork to the wire through sonometer board,
lower
end of handle of tuning fork should be touched gently with sonometer board.
Weight of hanger should be included in the load.
Load should be removed after the experiment.

SOURCES OFERROR:
Wire may not be rigid and of uniform cross-sectional area.
Pulley may not be frictionless.
Weights used may not be correct.
Bridges may not be sharp.