EXPERIMENT 8
and length of given
a wire under constant tension
M 0studythe relation between frequency
LS1ng sonometer.
PPARATUS
forks, 1 kg hanger, seven kg slotted weights, rubber pad
ter, aset of eight tuning 2 2
te 1etre scale, screw gauge.
1E0RY
then the string
foorerrhed wire (string) vibrates in resonance with a tuning fork of frequency v,
2are frequency v.
Ifthe strinz has a length l, diarneter D, rmaterial of density p and tension T, then
V=
1T (1)
ID Vzp
208 Comprekease Practical Physics-x
1
Relation hetveen frequency ()and length () Fromn Hq () above, v
v- Constant
Agraph between vand ,willbe astraightline, while agraph between vandIwilllbe a
hyperbola rectangular
Relation between length () and tension (T). From Eq (1) above,
VT - Constant
Ta 1?
Agraph between TandP will be astraight line.
DIAGRAM
Refer Fig. 18.08.
PROCEDURE
To find the relation between frequency and length:
1. Place the sonometer on the table as shown in Fig. 18.08.
2. Test the pulley and make it frictionless by oiling (if necessary).
3. Put suitable maximum weight in the hanger.
4. Move wooden bridges P, Poutward to incude maximum length of wire (AB) between them.
5. Take a tuning fork of least frequency from among the set. Strike its prong with a rubber pad
tomake it vibrate. Bring the tuning fork near your ear.
6. Pluck the wire AB from the middle and leave it to vibrate.
7. Listen sound produced by tuning fork and wire and judge which has less frequency (sound which
is grave and has low pitch, has less frequency).
8. Since the long wire may have less frequency, decrease its length by moving the bridges inwardly.
Check the frequencies again.
9. Goon decreasing the length till frequency of vibratingwire AB becomes equal to the frequency
of the tuning fork.
10. Put an inverted V-shaped paper rider on the wire AB in its middle. Vibrate the tuning fork and
touch the lower end of its handle with sonometer board. The wire AB vibrates due to resonance
and paper rider falls.
11. Note the length of the wire AB between the edges of the two bridges and record it in length
decreasing' column.
12. Bring the two bridges closer and then adjust the length of the wire by increasing it little by
little till rider falls.
13. Note the length of the wire and record it in 'length increasing' column.
Vbation
ofStringsand,Air Columns 209
14. Takethe remaining five tuning forks, one by one, in order of increasing frequency and repeat
13,
steps5 to
RecordIyour observations as given below.
OBSERVATIONS
Constanttension on the wires, T = kg
Table for frequency and length
Resonant length ofwire
Frequency vof
SerialNe.ef tuingfork used
Length Length
increasing decreasing Mean 2
Ols. (H) l(am) (cm)
1, (cm)
50.1+49.9 = 50 0.02
50.1 49.9
256 2
1.
288
2
320
3
384
4
480
5
512
6
as sample.)
Note. Observation 1 is given
CALCULATIONS
1. Findmean length l.
2. Find 1
1
valong X-axis and l along Y-axis.
graph between vand l, taking frequencyandlength
. Plot a Graph between
Scale:etbeeti
32 Hz of v
YA X-axís :1 cm = cm of I
=5
Y-axis :1 crn
50
cm 45
in
()
Length
E 40
35
30 480
512
384
Hz
25 O256 288 320 Frequency(v)in hyperbola.
rectangular
andlengthI. Itisa
frequency(v)
between
Graph
210 esmprckensae Practical Physcs-XI
1 Plot agraph between vand ,taking valong Xaxis and along Yaxis. The graph comes to be
astraight line as shown in below.
Graph between v and 1//
Soale :
X-axis: 1cm 32 Hz of v
Y-axis: 1 cm 0.005 cm'of 1//
cm 0.040
in
(1/)
length
0.035
of
Reciprocal
0.030
0.025
0.020
O256 288 320 384 480 512 X
Frequency (v) in Hz
Graph between v and 1/. It is a straight line.
RESULT
1
From the graph, we conclude that vl = constant and v oc
This verifies law of length of transverse vibrations of strings.
EXPERIMENT 9
